Essentials of Sociology. George Ritzer

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СКАЧАТЬ Do Schools Matter?Intelligence and School SuccessClass Differences in Early ChildhoodPreschoolInequality within Schools: Tracking and Student OutcomesAlternatives to Traditional Public SchoolsVouchersHomeschoolingCharter SchoolsWho Goes to College?• Trending: Lower EdDigital Living: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)Globalization and EducationPISA RankingsGerman, Japanese, and U.S. Education SystemsReligionComponents of ReligionBeliefRitualExperienceSecularizationCivil ReligionReligion as a Form of ConsumptionDigital Living: Practicing Virtual FaithTypes of Religious InstitutionsSectsChurchesDenominationsCults and New Religious MovementsReligion and GlobalizationThe Most Significant Global ReligionsJudaismHinduismBuddhismIslamChristianityMormonismFundamentalismFaith on the MoveSummaryKey TermsReview Questions

      15 Chapter 12: Politics and the EconomyLearning ObjectivesThe Interrelationship of Government and the EconomyPolitics: Democracy or DictatorshipDemocracy: Citizenship as a Radical IdeaCharacteristics of DemocraciesThe Rise of Illiberal Democracy, or Is It Fascism?Digital Living: Hacktivism and State InterferenceDictatorship: The Seizure of PowerWho Rules the United States?The Structural/Functional Perspective: PluralismThe Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power EliteGlobal PoliticsGeopoliticsThe Nation and the Nation-StateThe U.S. Economy: From Industrial to PostindustrialThe Industrial RevolutionFrom Fordism to Post-FordismOther Industrial RevolutionsSocialism, Communism, and CapitalismSocialism and CommunismWelfare StatesCapitalismDeindustrialization in the United StatesFactors in DeindustrializationDecline of American Labor UnionsThe Postindustrial SocietyWork, Consumption, and LeisureEmployment, Unemployment, and UnderemploymentConsumption and the Postmodern Society• Trending: Strangers in Their Own LandLeisureGlobalization and the EconomySummaryKey TermsReview Questions

      16 Chapter 13: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health CareLearning ObjectivesThe Opioid CrisisThe Sociology of HealthThe BodyThe Healthy Body: Lifestyle, Beauty, and FitnessBeauty: Cultural Contexts• Trending: Blood SugarThe Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit BodyFitness and the Healthy BodyBody ModificationsRisky BehaviorThe Sociology of MedicineThe Medical ProfessionWeaknesses in the U.S. Health Care SystemInequalities in U.S. Health CareHealth Care Reform in the United StatesConsumerism and Health CareThe Internet and the Consumption of Health CareTelemedicineGlobalization and HealthGrowing Global InequalityDiseaseMalnutritionSmokingBorderless DiseasesHIV/AIDSSuperbugsGlobalization and Improvements in Health and Health CareSummaryKey TermsReview Questions

      17 Chapter 14: Population, Urbanization, and the EnvironmentLearning ObjectivesToo Few, Too OldPopulationPopulation GrowthPopulation DeclineBasic Population ProcessesFertilityMortalityThe Demographic TransitionMigrationUrbanizationEver-Larger Urban AreasSuburbanizationThe Changing Nature of Major U.S. CitiesCities and GlobalizationGlobal CitiesMegacities (and Beyond)The Main Site of Global ProblemsThe Center of Culture and ConsumptionThe Environment• Trending: Children of KatrinaTheories of the Environment and Its ProblemsGlobalization and the EnvironmentThe Leading Environmental ProblemsDestruction of Natural HabitatsAdverse Effects on Marine LifeThe Decline in FreshwaterGlobal WarmingGlobal ResponsesSustainable DevelopmentTechnological FixesDigital Living: Smart CitiesThe Paris AgreementSummaryKey TermsReview Questions

      18 Chapter 15: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective ActionLearning ObjectivesWorkers’ Rights, Consumer Activism, and Social ChangeSocial MovementsFeminist MovementsThe Women’s Movement in the United StatesThe Global Women’s MovementDigital Living: #MeToo MovementLGBTQ MovementsWorld War II and the Lavender ScareThe U.S.-Based Homophile MovementStonewallLesbian HerstoryHIV/AIDS, ACT UP, and Queer NationThe Ongoing Fight for Marriage EqualityThe Civil Rights MovementEmergence, Mobilization, and Impact of Social MovementsFactors in the Emergence of a Social MovementResources and Mobilization of Social MovementsParticipationGoals, Strategies, and TacticsFactors in SuccessThe Impact of Social MovementsThe Internet, Globalization, and Social MovementsCollective Action• Trending: Twitter and Tear GasCrowdsRiotsNegative Views of RiotsDisastersHuman Involvement in DisastersThe Effects of DisastersSocial Change: Globalization, Consumption, and the InternetGlobalization as the Ultimate Social ChangeGlobal “Liquids”Global “Flows”Globalization and the InternetCyberactivismConsumption and GlobalizationLocal and Regional DifferencesGlobal BrandsSummaryKey TermsReview Questions

      19  Glossary

      20  References: Chapter-Opening Vignettes

      21  References: Comprehensive List

      22  Index

      Letter from the Author

      The social world, as well as the field of sociology that studies that world, is always interesting, exciting, and ever-changing. My goal for this newly revised fourth edition of Essentials of Sociology is not only to introduce you to sociology, but also to discuss what has inspired—and what continues to inspire—my dedication to the field. The hope is that you will learn a good deal about the social world from the perspective of sociology, as well as how my interests have shaped my personal sociological journey.

      My initial interests in the field were the sociology of work and the sociology of organizations, but I was quickly drawn to sociological theory and how even the most classical theories were relevant to my everyday life. That interest came to fruition in the publication of The McDonaldization of Society in 1993 (now in its ninth edition). In that book, I apply and expand on Max Weber’s famous classical theoretical ideas on rationality. I saw those ideas at work in my local fast-food restaurant, as well as in many other contemporary settings. After the publication of The McDonaldization of Society, I grew interested in consumption, including credit card debt and the places of consumption, and I authored two books on these topics, Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society and Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Continuity and Change in the Cathedrals of Consumption. I developed a curiosity about globalization after recognizing that McDonaldization and consumer culture had spread rapidly throughout much of the world. This inspired me to write The Globalization of Nothing and Globalization: A Basic Text. Most recently, my sociological journey has led me to the internet, especially social networking sites, which are highly rationalized, are often places to consume, and are all globalized.

      You will discover how my interests have shaped this book in a variety of ways. Consumption figures prominently in most chapters; this reflects my belief that this topic should be a central concern for sociologists. This book also includes a strong emphasis on globalization to encourage you to better understand and appreciate how your daily lives are shaped by global processes. Each chapter contains a primary section on globalization that explains why and how globalization has influenced an array of sociological issues, including the discipline itself. Throughout this book—in sections headed “Digital Living”—the sociological implications of the internet and technology are explored. To demonstrate the relevance of sociology not just within academia but to the broader public, an additional pedagogical feature, “Trending” boxes, has been included. These highlight recently published books written by sociologists and scholars in related fields that have gained mainstream popularity. Most of these books are based on extensive ethnographic research about current sociological problems, and their narratives are readable, relatable, and fascinating to me—I hope the same will be true for you. The Trending boxes also include links such as webpages where you can watch videos of authors discussing their books and/or read reviews of their books from popular newspapers and magazines.

      Here I have described a bit about my personal sociological journey. I hope that this book will provide you with a starting point to begin your own journey, to examine your social world СКАЧАТЬ