Crete-Mycenaean culture and religion as part of the Indo-European culture of the Bronze Age of Eurasia. Sergey Solovyov

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      Crystal material, although firm, but fragile. Therefore, a strong drill of the drill would lead to damage to the product, it would be split. (beat-deviation from the drilling axis). How did the part fasten without the invention of the screw? Obviously, with the help of a wedge system. Traps for the capture of wild animals have been known since antiquity, and some of them are made with the use of wedges. In the Schliemann hoard, a mass find of handicrafts-blanks made of copper, silver and gold is also of interest, just as it is a miracle to call the manufacture of four stone axes of valuable minerals. And the blade axes are not located on the same axis of rotation. The work was extremely difficult. Similar stone axes-hammers were found in the Borodino hoard. There are very interesting bronze nails, rivets with plugs. It is also possible to find the oldest drills, they should be in the form of arrowheads (now drills on ceramic tiles and glass just this shape). Why Indo-Europeans became the first steel to manufacture crystal lenses? Perhaps in that they came from the North, from the steppes of Siberia and Eurasia and originally, on their ancestral home, they made lenses from ice. Ice can easily be processed with simple instruments and ironed in a clean hand. Lenses were used, at first, obviously, as incendiary devices. (This experiment is described by Jules Verne and confirmed in Perelman’s «Entertaining Physics») The proof-word crystal-crystal from the ancient Greeks denoted both ice and crystal. (In Russian, the word-crystal borrowed) Since it is proved that the Achaeans are aliens from the north, then they moved the concept from the ice, to the crystal. And after discovering a material similar in properties to ice (transparent during processing), developed a technology for its processing, which, of course, is much more difficult than ice treatment. And at first, basically, the lenses served as incendiary devices. So, it turns out that the Greeks in the Bronze Age mastered the technology of processing crystal, then glasses for the manufacture of complex optical instruments. Moreover, this production was of a massive nature, this can be confirmed on the basis of the massive findings of lenses from crystal in Crete, but in ancient times the craft carefully concealed its secrets from competitors. As an example, skilful protection of silk-making technologies in the Byzantine Empire-Emperor Justinian organized the imperial workshops for the manufacture of silk fabrics, and became a monopolist in their sale and production. A pound of silk cost about 60 solid, 180 gr. Zolot. Due to this, the empire could hold back the opponents for a long time. But the secret of silk, the most complex handicraft devices, machines and equipment was only made public in the 15th century after the fall of the Empire and the flight of masters from the Turks to Western Europe (in France it was the Greeks who laid the silk industry under Louis XI). In Italy, Venice, the glass industry began to develop after the capture of Constantinople in 1204. The masters were taken from Byzantium. Therefore, we can say that the flowering of Europe and the Renaissance occurred due to the fall of the Eastern Empire in 1453. Most of the technologies and masters came to Western Europe at this time. We can say that the Renaissance began due to the fall of Byzantium. The Empire took care of its secrets of mastery, and only when the mass introduction of technical devices, invented obviously, began in the 2—3th centuries of our era-including the universal gearbox (finding a sophisticated device with bronze gears, allowing to calculate the phases of the moon, the device is located in the Athenian Archaeological Museum). On the basis of this device, mechanical watches were subsequently developed, the main part of which is the gear system. So the closeness and mystery of the achievements of technical skill was then the norm. Therefore, even now there is some element of distrust towards the achievements of antiquity, especially technical ones. Finds in Troy give a unique cut of craftsmanship of the Bronze Age, reminiscent of finds in Pompeii and Herculaneum (only there they found an antique samovar, burzhuyku, many instruments and instruments.) The science received the most complete and complete representation about Ancient Rome thanks to these cities). To carry out the same comprehensive optical and physical studies on the possible creation of optical systems from crystal lenses of the Bronze Age has not yet been obtained, despite repeated appeals to museums and authorities. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the quality of crystal processing, the purity of processing, the optical characteristics of these objects. You can calculate the truth mathematically, but this will be inaccurate results. I tried personally to contact the Pushkin Museum. Pushkin personally about the comprehensive research of lenses from crystal, but, unfortunately, with a negative result.