The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present time. Volume I. Zhanat Kundakbayeva

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ Make a chronological table of Turkic States on the territory of Kazakhstan after the Western Turk khaganate dissolution at the end of VII c.

      Seminar tasks:

      1. Political history of the First Turk khaganate in the VI- VII centuries

      2. Students presentation on the topic: Ancient Turks Cultural significance in the world history

      3. Students group project on the topic: How were Ancient Turks involved in international relations of that time?

      4. Discussion on the reading Denis Sinor. The establishment and dissolution of the Turk empire // The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia / Edited by DENIS SINOR Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Uralic and Altaic Studies Indiana University. P.285-313 Available on: https://www.google.kz/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=the%20cambridge%20history%20of%20early%20inner%20asia%20pdf

      IIІ Part

      KAZAKHSTAN IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE MONGOLIAN STATES (XIII-XV CC.) AND POST-MONGOLIAN STATE UNIONS (XIV-XV CC.)

      3.1 Central Asia before the Mongolian invasion

      According to numerous writing sources in the XII-the beginning of the XIII-centuries the a territory of modern Kazakhstan was occupied by a lot of state unions of Turkic speaking tribes-of the Kipchak, Kangly (Khanglis), Qarluqss, Naimans. And also there were two empires on the territory of Central Asia – the Kara Khitai Empire and The Khwarezmid Empire.

      The main part of the territory of present Kazakhstan was a part of possessions of the Kipchaks. Beginning with the end of the XIth century Kazakhstan's Steppe from the Irtysh River to the Volga was inhabited by the Kipchaks. The historical role of the Kipchaks, peculiarities of their political structure and socio-economic development and also on the international arena has been studied earlier. That's why not paying attention on these questions, we will consider the political map of other regions of present Kazakhstan before the Mongols' invasion.

      As you know the territory of present South-Eastern, Southern Kazakhstan and territories of Maverannahr entered the structure of the Kara Khitais possessions. The borders of this Empire were not constant, they often changed. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907 AD the Chinese ruling class retreated from south and control of Northern China fell into hands of non-Chinese people. In 916 the Khitais – a semi-nomadic tribe from southern Mongolia, conquered Northern China and established the Liao Dynasty of northern China. In the early XIIth century the Khitais were overthrown by the Jurchids, who replaced the Liao Dynasty with the Jin Dynasty. Some time in the mid of the XIIth century the Tanghuts, a Tibetan people, established the Xi Xia Empire in western China. Meanwhile the Chinese rulers established the Song Dynasty in the south of the Yellow River (Huang He) in 906. Thus, during the rise of the Genghis Khan China was divided into three states.

      After the Khitais were overthrown from Northern China, a part of their nobility fled westward to the south of Lake Balkhash. There they established the Kara Khitai Empire. The west of the Kara Khitai was the Khwarazmian Empire of Persia, which formed in the late of the XIIth century.

      The formation of the Kara Khitai Empire was caused by the invasion of nomadic tribes from Central Asia. It was founded by the kidans who escaped from Chzhurzhen expansions. In the memory of Lyo Kidan Empire they named. The capital of the Si Lyo – Balacagun was situated on the Chu river. Developed agricultural areas of Fergana and Maverannahr entered the State structure. By the end of the XIIth century began weakening Si Lyo's power. In 1210 the Kara Khitais were defeated by the The Khwarezmid's army. As a result Maverannahr was separated from the Kara Khitai Empire. That period the Naimans' ruler Kuchluk who had escaped from Genghis Khan took his refuge at the Kara Khitai ruler and even had got married his daughter.

      Having gartered the Naimans, who had escaped from the Mongols Kuchluk began raiding the Kara Khitai's territories. Soon he managed to take the control over all the Gurhan's possessions. Formally Gurhan remained on the throne but the real governor became Kuchluk (as an adviser of Kara Khitai's governor). After Gurhan's death, power officially passed to Kuchluk who ruled till the Mongol invasion 1215.

      In the Northern part of Semirechye there was the Qarluqs's small possession the Muslim rules of which had the title of aprslan-khan – traditional for one of the Karahanid's brunch. The Qarluqs's principality of the Northen Semirechye was the vassal of the Karakhitais.

      In the Northern part of Semirechye (also Dzhetysu; from Kazakh zheti [“seven”] and su [“water”]) was the Qarluqs's small possession the Muslim rules of which had the title of arslan-khan- traditional for one of the Kara-Khanid's brunch. The Qarluqs's principality of the Northen Semirechye was the Kara Khitai's vassal.

      Before the Mongol invasion territories between the Talas, Chu and Issyk Kul lake were occupied by the Kanglys. Base in the Syr-Darya with it's fortified cities and adjoining areas, and also Maverannahr with oblast adjoining to it belonged to KKhwarezm Shah Muhammad.

      In the ethnogenetic processes of the beginning of the II millennium the important role played the Naimans and the Kireits. As the analyses of the Kazakh genealogical legends show, they entered the Kazakh Nationality. But their appearance on the territory of Kazakhstan was connected with the escape from Genghis Khan at the beginning of the XIIIth century.

      If to speak about economic development of Kazakhstan before the Mongol invasion two ways of life have been presented: nomadic and settled-agricultural. The center of settled civilization of Kazakhstan at that time was the South, especially Semirechye.

      The Xth-XIth centuries were the time of growth of cities in Kazakhstan both old – Otrar, Taraz, Isfidzhab, Kulan, Yangikent and new – Kayalik, Ashnas, Barlychkent. Just in the Ili valley in The Xth – XIIIth centuries appeared over 56 cities. Till the Mongolian invasion in the south of Kazakhstan and in Semirechye widely spread the monetary trade. Two Monetary courts are known- Taraz and Isfidzhab.

      In the second decade of the XIIIth century cities of Southern Kazakhstan passed under Khwarezmia's power. Khwarezm has been known also as Chorasmia, Khwarezmia, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, KKhwarezm, Khoresm, Khorasam, Harezm, Khwarezm, and CKhwarezm. But Semirechye was under the Kara Khitai's power and their vassals. Spiritual culture of Kazakhstan a component of which was religion corresponded to the high level of economic relations.

      Worship of the Heaven (Tengri) and the Earth-water (Jern-sou), and also, a female deity to Umaj-patroness of the centre and children was a basis of religion of the Turkic people. Along with actually Turkic beliefs among the population were spread other religious systems: the Buddhism, The Manichaean religion, Christianity and Islam. Especially at the end of the XIIth-beginning of the XIII centuries Islam role in system of beliefs of the population amplified. As a whole, it should be noted, that religious notions of the settled and nomadic population were characterized by variety. In the X-XII centuries on the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the conditions of similarities of economic-cultural types, languages and life likeness of the Kipchaks, Kanglus, Qarluqss, Kara Khitais, Naimans and Kireits took place the process of ethnic consolidation of these tribes and tribal unions, main knots of ethogenesis, formed historical preconditions of formating nations. At such level of social and economic, ethno political and cultural development found the people of Kazakhstan invasion of the Genghis Khan.

      The rise of Genghis Khan

      The rise of Genghis Khan was one of the most dramatic in history, and has hardly, if ever, been paralleled in history. No one rose from such a low position: as a part of a family eating roots and rodents for survival; and yet end up achieving so much in the end

      Much of what we know about Genghis' early life comes from the famous Mongol script, The Secret History of the Mongols, which СКАЧАТЬ