The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present time. Volume I. Zhanat Kundakbayeva
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Название: The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present time. Volume I
Автор: Zhanat Kundakbayeva
Издательство: КазНУ
Жанр: История
isbn: 978-601-247-347-6
isbn:
The date generally assigned for Berke’s accession to the khanship (1257) is based on two considerations:
(1) Berke succeeded Ulaghchi, the son of Batu; and (2) the last mention of Ulaghchi is in the Rus’Chronicles under 1257. Berke, thus, became the fourth khan of the Kipchak Khanate after Batu, Sartak, and Ulaghchi. Early in his reign, according to Juzjani, Berke traveled to Bukhara and honored the learned men there. He also ordered to punish Christians in Samarkand and the destruction of their churches for mistreating Muslims in the town. Although he was the first khan of the Kipchak Khanate to be a Muslim, he continued the Mongols’ pluralistic religious policy of tolerance toward all religions and did not make Islam the privileged religion of the Khanate.
Berke supported Arigh Boke in his struggle (1260–1264) with Kubilai Khan. When Prince Alaghu revolted against Arigh Boke, he took over Khwarezm and drove Berke’s officals away. W. Barthold argues that the destruction of a 5000-man division of Berke’s, described by Wassaf, was not the work of Kubilai’s forces nor those of Khulagu (as C. d’Ohsson suggests) but of Alaghu. Berke later supported Khaidu against Alaghu and by extension against Kubilai.
Berke seems to have had few direct dealings with the Rus’ lands except to promote religious tolerance, to send tax collectors there, and to commandeer Rus’ troops to send to his ally, the Mamluks in Egypt. When an uprising of townspeople against Berke’s tax collectors in Rus’had to be put down with Khanate troops, Alexander Nevskii went to Berke, either on his own initiative or because he was summoned, and pleaded for leniency for the perpetrators. It was on his way back from his meeting with Berke that Alexander Nevskii died in Gorodets in 1263.
From 1262 on, Berke fought the Ilkhanate of Khulagu until the latter’s death in 1265, and then continued fighting Khulagu’s successor, Abaqa, until Berke’s own death in January 1267. During the period 1264–1265, as a part of this Kipchak Khanate-Ilkhanate war, Berke formed an alliance with the Mamluk sultan in Egypt while Khulagu formed an alliance with the Byzantine Empire. This brief period represented one of the few occasions during the two-and-a-half centuries of the Kipchak Khanate’s existence that it was not on friendly terms with the Byzantine Empire.
Control questions:
1. What are the signs of the Golden Horde dependent status on the Mongol Empire during Batu and Berke reign?
2. Who supported Berke in his accession to the throne of the Golden Horde'?
3. What can you say about the Berke's attempts of of the Golden Horde's Islamization?
4. The Mongol Empire's state during the reign of Berke in the Golden Horde
5. What are the reasons of the war of Juji with their relatives – the Khulaguids who settled in Iran?
Kazakhstan lands in the structure of Golden Horde from the first political crisis in the Golden Horde (1266-1312) till disintegration period (1420-1480)
Powerful general during the reign of Berke and Möngke Temür. However he lacked the military talents of Batu or his great grandfather Jöchi. He led an unsuccessful raid on Hungary in 1261, and commanded two failed campaigns against Khulagu – in 1262 and 1267. In the latter debacle he not only lost an eye but witnessed the death of his sovereign. However he was successful against the Byzantine Empire in 1265, after it had invaded Bulgaria, forcing it into an alliance, the Emperor Michael Palaeologos offering the hand of one of his illegitimate daughters to Emir Nogay. In 1271 he invaded Bulgaria at the request of his father-in-law who was seeking revenge against the King of Bulgaria for a raid against Thrace. Like Berke, Nogay was a Muslim, having been converted at some time prior to 1262. Nogay had three legitimate sons: Cheke, Teke and Buri.
Nogay does not appear to have inherited his own ulus, and was always described as a commander, suggesting that he may not have been a legitimate son. Instead he seems to have carved out his own fiefdom in the western part of the Kipchak Khanate. Grousset refers to a Franciscan envoy to the Crimea named Ladislas, who noted that while the Khans of Kipchak (Töda-Möngke and Töle-Buqa, see below) occupied the region around Saray, Nogay roamed further west in the region of the Don and the Donets. From the 1260's onwards he controlled the westernmost region of the Khanate of Kipchak, effectively establishing an independent province on the western and northern shores of the Black Sea, ranging from the lower Danube to the lower Don and extending north to the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains (in other words a large part of present day Moldova and the Ukraine). His influence extended into the Balkans and northern Bulgaria. His main encampment was on the River Bug, which enters the Black Sea just west of the Crimea.
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