Creare is usually employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui creare. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De Fin. rerum quas creat natura.
2
To the Romans orbis terrarum (more rarely orbis terrae) meant all those countries which made up the Roman Empire.
3
ferre is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. haec aetas perfectum oratorem tulit (Brut. 12. 45).
4
But Pyrenaei montes, saltus occur (B. G. 1. 1. 7; B.C. 1. 37. 1).
5
Also used metaphorically, e.g. (se) emergere ex malis (Nep. Att. 11. 1) to recover from misfortune. So emergere e fluctibus servitutis (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48).
6
aquae ductio = the action, process of drawing off the water; canalis = the water-pipe, channel, conduit.
7
So metaphorically, aere alieno obrutum esse, to be over head and ears in debt; nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione, to drown a person's name in oblivion.
8
Inundation = eluvio, not inundatio which is post-classical.
9
The Romans called it mare nostrum (B.G. 5.1). Similarly mare Oceanus (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic; mare superum, the Adriatic (Att. 8. 16. 1); mare inferum, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5).
10
suspicere is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honour, e.g. viros, honores. Similarly despicere.
11
For an account of an eclipse vid. Liv. 44. 37.
12
Also metaphorically, e.g. gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago (Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.
13
Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. fulmen verborum, fulmina eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae (Tusc. 2. 27), fulmina imperii (Balb. 15. 34).
14
"The east" and "the west" = orientis, occidentis (solis) terrae, partes, regiones, gentes. The adjectives orientalis, occidentalis are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is represented by terrae septentrionibus subiectae; the south by terra australis.
15
vicinum esse, to be neighbouring; used of houses, gardens, etc.
16
Transcriber's Note: the English original says "Gaul is bounded by the Rhine" which is wrong as can be seen both from the Latin expression and the original German edition.
17
Transcriber's Note: In the original book Auden translates Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit wrongly as "the Rhine is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani." The French and German versions correctly translate Rhodanus as "le Rhône" and "Rhone".
18
patere denotes extension in its widest sense; pertinere, extension from one point to another, e.g. ars et late patet et ad multos pertinet (De Or. 1. 55. 235); ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios pertinet (B. G. 1. 6. 3).
19
tritus is also used figuratively, e.g. proverbium (sermone) tritum (De Off. 1. 10. 33), vocabulum latino sermone non tritum (Acad. 1. 7. 27).
20
Cf. in metaphorical sense, viam ad honores alicui munire (Mur. 10. 23).
21
vid. on this subject De Off. 1. 32. 118; Fam. 5. 12. 3.
22
reverti means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or continuing one's journey, cf. Div. 1. 15. 27, itaque revertit ex itinere, cum iam progressus esset multorum dierum viam. Similarly reditus = return, reversio generally = turning back. Cicero only uses revenire in conjunction with domum.
23
ex itinere implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is a difference between in itinere aliquem aggredi and ex itinere, etc. In the same way distinguish in fuga and ex fuga, e.g. ex fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati.
24
relinquere, e.g. domum, properly means to give up, renounce the possession or enjoyment of a place.
25
Cf. especially decedere (ex, de) provincia, used regularly of a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province, decedere (de) vita, or merely decedere = to quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20. 73).
26
Cf. frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere, used metaphorically.
27
praecipitare is also transitive, e.g. praecipitare aliquem, to hurl a person down; ruere always intransitive except in poetry.
28
The verb servire helps to form several phrases, e.g. servire valetudini, to be a valetudinarian; iracundiae, to be unable to restrain one's anger; brevitati, to be concise; communi utilitati, to be devoted to the public good, etc.
29
antiquitas = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a division of time; so antiquitatis studia, archaeology; veteres or antiqui poetae, populi, the poets, people of antiquity; antiqua monumenta, the relics of antiquity. antiquitates plur. is used for the institutions, usages of times gone by.
30
momentum (i.e. movimentum) is properly that which sets in motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. Luc. iv. 819, momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum. Livy and later writers employ the word in the sense of a moment of time.
31
ad tempus also means (1) according to the circumstances of the case, e.g. ad tempus consilium capere, (2) for a short time, temporarily.
32
The spirit of a thing is usually rendered by such words as natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas, e.g. the spirit, genius of a language, natura or proprietas sermonis; the spirit of the laws, voluntas et sententia legum.
33
Unless one is emphasised unus is left out with the following words: annus, mensis, dies, hora, and verbum.
34
Used absolutely "too late" = sero; if "too late for," "later than," always serius (quam).
35
caput has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. capita coniurationis (Liv. 9. 26), the leaders of the conspiracy; caput Graeciae, the capital of Greece; caput cenae, the chief dish; capita legis, the headings, clauses of a law; id quod caput est, the main point; de capite deducere (Liv. 6. 15), to
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