1000 Monuments of Genius. Christopher E.M. Pearson
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Название: 1000 Monuments of Genius
Автор: Christopher E.M. Pearson
Издательство: Parkstone International Publishing
Жанр: Энциклопедии
Серия: The Book
isbn: 978-1-78310-941-8, 978-1-78310-415-4
isbn:
106. Prambanan temple compound, Java, 850 with later reconstructions (Indonesia)
107. Tomb of the Samanids, Bukhara, c. 940 (Uzbekistan)
108. Brihadishwara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 11th century (India)
109. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, c. 1050 (India)
110. Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 1000 (India)
111. Angkor Wat temple complex, Angkor, c. 1120 and later (Cambodia)
One of the largest religious monuments in existence, the temple at Angkor Wat is a source of great national pride – it has appeared on the Cambodian flag since 1863. A great mountain-like assemblage of stone originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, its order and layout are comparable to the earlier Great Stupa at Borobodur. Angkor Wat was begun by King Suryavarman II, who was later buried there. When completed, it became the royal shrine of the Khmer dynasty, though it was eventually converted to Buddhist uses. Like Borobodur, the temple is largely sculptural rather than spatial in conception. On their quest to reach the top, dedicated visitors would cover many kilometres in circumambulating the multiple terraces. After being attacked in 1431, the complex was largely abandoned except by a colony of monks. Few Western visitors made their way to Angkor Wat before its existence was advertised by the French naturalist Henri Mouhot, who came across it in 1860. Astonished by its size and grandeur, Mouhot wrote that Angkor Wat rivalled the Temple of Solomon and was greater than any ruin left by the Greek and Roman civilisations. The complex was cleared and partly reconstructed in the 20th century.
112. Ananda Temple, Bagan, 1091–1105 (Myanmar)
113. Ho-odo (Phoenix Hall), Byodo-in temple, Uji, c. 1053 (Japan)
This famous monument of Japanese Buddhism, located just south of Kyoto, exemplifies the otherworldly sect of Pure Land Buddhism that became popular with the Japanese nobility from the 10th century. It was originally constructed by the wealthy Fujiwara clan as part of a rural villa, but was changed to a private temple in 1052 by Fujiwara no Yorimichi. The Phoenix Hall, or Amida Hall, is the only surviving building from this complex. In plan the layout of the Hall is symmetrical, with extensive L-shaped wings in the form of corridors connecting to pavilions on either side; a third corridor extends to the rear. From above, this configuration suggests a bird in flight, an image further echoed in the upward sweep of its eaves. The major external impression of the Ho-odo is of a huge sheltering roof upheld by a complex system of bracketing. The red and gold colourscheme suggests Chinese prototypes. The magnificent interior of the Hall is focused on a large cult image of Amida Buddha in gilded cypress wood, which was created by the famed sculptor Jocho. The inside of the roof displays statues of Chinese phoenixes. Such opulence was intended to suggest the Pure Land paradise of Buddhist teachings.
114. Beisi Pagoda, Suzhou, 1131–1162 (China)
115. Qutb Minar, Delhi, 1190s and later (India)
116. Great South Gate (Nan-daimon) of Todai-ji, Nara, 1199 (Japan)
This huge wooden gateway serves as the entrance to the monastic complex of Todai-ji, or the Eastern Great Temple. One of the most important religious foundations in the old capital city of Nara, Todai-ji was established by the Emperor Shomu in the 8th century as part of his efforts to involve the Japanese people more directly in Buddhist ritual; this was undertaken in the hope that the resultant display of piety would protect the nation from further disaster. The dominant architectural presence at Todai-ji is the Great Buddha Hall, or Daibutsuden, reputedly the largest wooden building in the world; it houses a colossal bronze image of the Buddha that is 16 metres tall. The roof structure of the Great South Gate, exemplary of the ‘Great Buddha style,’ reflects an evident knowledge of contemporary building practises in Song-dynasty China. Its lower roof is supported by eight tiers of cantilevered brackets, and its upper roof by seven. These brackets are inserted directly into the supporting columns, which are linked by tie-beams. Since the gateway has no ceilings, the complexity of the entire roof structure is visible from inside. Like the other remarkable buildings at Todai-ji, the Nan-daimon has been designated a National Treasure of Japan.
117. Ali ibn Ibrahim of Nishapur, Minaret of Jam, Firuzkuh, c. 1195 (Afghanistan)
118. Keshava Temple, Somnathpur, Karnataka, 13th century (India)
119. Wat Buddai Svarya Temple, Ayutthaya, 13th century (Thailand)
120. Swayambhunath Stupa, Kathmandu Valley, c. 1372 (renovations) (Nepal)
121. Ancient city of Pingyao, Shanxi Province, 14th century and later (China)
122. Old Sukhothai city, Sukhothai, 13th-14th century (Thailand)
123. Old town of Lijiang, Lijiang, c. 1200 and later (China)
124. Kinkaku-ji, also known as the Golden Pavilion, Kyoto, 1397 (rebuilt in 1955) (Japan)
125. Mosque city of Bagerhat, Bagerhat, 15th century and later (Bangladesh)
126. Great Mosque, Xi’an, 8th century, 1328–1398 (important renovations) (China)
127. Jongmyo Shrine, Jongmyo, 1394 (South Korea)
128. Forbidden City, Beijing, 1406–1420 (China)
129. Changdeok palace, Seoul, 1405–1412 (South Korea)
130. Imcheonggak Estate buildings, Beopheungdong, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 1515 (South Korea)
131. Temple of Heaven, Beijing, 1406–1420 and later (China)
Part of a complex of Taoist buildings in Beijing, this great walled temple was erected in the early 15th century by the Yongle Emperor, who also built the Forbidden City. As the Son of Heaven, the Emperor of China was expected to make regular and public sacrifices, and through the Ming and Qing dynasties successive rulers made twice yearly visits to the Temple to pray for a good harvest. Such rituals followed a rigid order, and their details remained highly secret. The temple complex СКАЧАТЬ