Gender and Sexuality. Stevi Jackson

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Introduction

       The aim of this brief introduction is to illustrate how the key sociological concepts of structure, culture, self and identity are important to understanding gender and sexuality and how they are dealt with in subsequent chapters. We also give guidance on the format of the chapters, which include exercises, learning outcomes and notes on further resources and reading. However, we begin with an example to demonstrate the importance of a sociological perspective in understanding gender and sexuality.

What Do You Think About Same- Sex Marriage?

In August 2010, a federal judge overruled California’s Proposition 8, which had been passed in November 2008 during the American Presidential election. Proposition 8 overrode previous court rulings that had, since May 2008, permitted same- sex marriages, but it did not overturn the right to domestic partnerships, which California had enacted in 1999. It is worth reviewing some of the protests and the arguments both for and against same- sex marriage (available online at many news channels). You will see the strength of passion on both sides of this debate and we ask you to consider why it is that the right to marriage is such a trigger for social protest against lesbians and gays. In April 2005, one of your authors – Momin Rahman – attended a demonstration in support of the recent passage of a gay rights bill through the state legislature of Maine, USA. Fifty or so gay rights supporters gathered on the balcony of the capitol building, whilst, below, four or five times the number demonstrated their rejection of the proposed bill. Most of those opposed were religious, and we were told that many of these Christian groups had been bussed in from other states to bolster this show of ‘traditional’ moral values. The clothing of choice for the traditionalists was a t- shirt depicting a male and female figure holding hands, with the slogan that marriage was meant to be between a man and woman.

In fact, the proposed legislation was not concerned with same- sex marriage but with equalization of treatment for lesbians and gays [1]. However, given the controversies surrounding lesbian and gay civil union legislation in the USA, and the salience of this issue in the Presidential election of November 2004, it is perhaps not surprising that the possibility of marriage rights in Maine became the focus for the Christian Right. Furthermore, legislation to recognize same- sex civil unions and/or marriage is a truly global issue, with laws passed or under discussion in many countries worldwide, and always in the context of intense public debate [2].

      How can we understand and explain the strength of emotion that the recognition of lesbian and gay marriage provokes? Of course, it could be argued that this particular civil right is the latest in a gradual extension of rights to lesbian and gay minorities, beginning for many in Western Europe and North America in the late 1960s and accelerating in the 1990s with the increasing cultural visibility of diverse sexualities. This trend could be seen as part of wider changes in western society that have also resulted in the advance of rights for women and ethnic minorities. We may then account for the controversy over same- sex marriage as the inevitable but temporary battle between traditionalism and democratic social progress. But is this an accurate picture? We suggest not.

      A full understanding of such controversies is not possible without a thoroughly sociological analysis of the social organization of sexuality and gender and their social meaning. What such a perspective entails is discussed in the next section.

       TASK: Set up a debate about legalizing same- sex marriage (or banning it if you live in a country that has already passed such laws).

      Make sure that you have one person that is noting down the arguments made both for and against the motion.

      Read the following section to see if the arguments made in the debate relate to the points made below.

Gender, Sexuality and Sociology

      Our aim in this text is to demonstrate that gender and sexuality can be understood through the following key issues and concepts in sociology:

      We discuss these key issues and concepts throughout the text, but we organize the discussion into parts that cover the central sociological concepts of structure, culture, self and identity. Let us stick with our introductory example to expand and explain. In the western world, the contemporary movements for women’s rights and those of sexual minorities have developed from a period of significant social change since the post-war, mid- twentieth- century decades, affecting women’s access to educational and financial resources, changes in cultural values, religious beliefs and decline in the deference to tradition. This period saw the rise of women’s and gay liberation movements that demanded new political and social rights. These demands challenged tradition, resulting in social conflict. Social conflict thus often arises from social change. This is one way of explaining the common resistance across many cultures to the progress of lesbian and gay rights. If the social position of men and women is thought to be determined by nature – as religious and moral traditionalists believe – then lesbians and gays would inevitably be seen as a challenge to this ‘natural’ order.

Groups that are identified with traditional views on the role of women and on sexual morality often argue that social change has progressed too quickly, leaving a lack of social cohesion and social order in its wake. However, social conflict is not just the result of progress versus tradition. After all, in the case of marriage, we are talking about a relationship that has historically been seen as the foundation of family, kinship and, ultimately, society. In a period when there are widespread concerns about the decline of marriage and the stability it brings, why would traditionalists deny the extension of the right to marry to a small minority of the population? The answer lies in understanding the social significance of that minority, and its relationship to the majority. In this case of same- sex marriage, lesbians and gays represent a challenge to dominant ideas of masculinity and femininity (what we term gender) and the social, legal and cultural privilege given to traditional heterosexuality.

      Underpinning the significance of gender and sexuality is the traditional ‘naturalist’ understanding of masculinity and femininity, usually based on ideas about biological reproduction and natural differences deemed to arise from it. Thus women are seen as ‘naturally’ suited to child- rearing and domesticity, historically justifying, for example, their lesser access to education and paid employment. In such naturalist explanations, lesbians, gays, transgendered people, bisexuals, are all seen to be going against the designs of nature – our genital reproductive function – and are thus subject to moral and social disapproval and often legal sanctions. If you believe that men and women are naturally designed to ‘fit’ together sexually, and that the ultimate purpose of sex is to reproduce, then lesbians and gays would inevitably be seen as perverted and/or immoral – as a result of their ‘unnatural’ desires. Such attitudes occur in western and many other cultures and are often expressed by religious groups and by political groups in favour of ‘traditional values’.

      In this traditional СКАЧАТЬ