Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies. Frede Blaabjerg

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Figure 1.10 Schematic diagram communication infrastructure for the SG.

WLAN is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that links two or more devices through the use of spread‐spectrum or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [32] and generally delivering a connection through an access point to the internet. This provides customers with the chance to roam around in a local coverage area and at the same time maintain connection with the network. The benefits of WLAN are low price, huge installations worldwide, and plug and play (PnP) devices. The main drawback of WLAN is possible interferences with other devices that communicate on similar frequencies.

      Cellular networks are vastly employed in the majority of countries and possess a well‐recognized infrastructure. Cellular networks could be utilized for communication among a number of components and devices in the SG. There are a number of current technologies for cellular communication including GSM, GPRS, 3G, 4G, 5G, and WiMAX [33]. The benefits of the cellular networks are presently available infrastructure across a vast area of implementation, elevated rates of data transmission, existing security systems implemented in cellular communication. The main drawback is that cellular networks are shared with other customers and are not fully devoted to SG communications.

      1.5.4.2 Power Line Communication (PLC)

      PLC permits data exchange among devices by electrical power lines. PLC is employed by including a modulated carrier signal to power cables. The benefit of the PLC is the currently recognized infrastructure that decreases deployment costs. Drawbacks include the existence of higher harmonics in the power lines that interfere with communication signals and the limited frequency of communication. Installing a number of smart meters and communication infrastructure should be implemented according to certain standards that are acknowledged by all companies and utilities taking part in building the SG. Different organizations are working on SG standardization such as the European Committee for Standardization, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and others. The well‐known standards for SG communications are IEEE P2030, which provides guidelines for interoperability of the electric power system with end‐use applications and loads; IEEE P1901 used by all classes of Broadband over Power Line (BPL) devices, entailing devices utilized for the connection to internet access services and devices utilized in buildings for LANs, smart energy applications, transportation platforms (vehicle), and other data distribution applications; IEC62351, which deals with cybersecurity issues of the SG; IEC62056 for electricity metering data exchange; PLC G3 to allow data and control messages to be transferred to generation, transmission, and distribution systems. There are more standards for SG communication including 802.15.4, ISO 1802, IPv4, DNP3, IEC61970, etc. [34]. More details on the standardization will be discussed in Chapter 17.

      1.5.5 Customer Engagement

In the traditional grid, consumers have a passive role while occupying a marginal position in the energy market. Customer engagement has been negligible in the aspect of energy monitoring, controlling, management, generation, storing, and trading. However, with the introduction of the SG paradigm, the consumers have a crucial and active role in all aspects above. The SG technologies open the opportunity for active engagement through real‐time insight in their energy consumption patterns, price changes, local renewable energy production, storing, and energy sharing. Customers engagement is the language of energy DSM in the SG which is used to achieve supply–demand balancing, load shifting, and increased reliability, high efficiency, and resiliency in the electric system. Electric utilities are putting more focus on energy demand management to realize three main tasks: enhancing energy efficiency, direct load control, and to meet a dynamic DR [35].

Energy management on the demand‐side acts on the consumers for controlling electrical energy usage. There are a number of solutions to attain demand management and flexible energy consumption. Direct load control and dynamic DR programs are addressing the biggest priorities and challenges for the successful implementation of demand management in SGs. The participant customers can rely on their generation sources to meet their demand (typical usage requirements) whenever possible. Customer engagement, through (DSM) market prices change, increases with time. Figure 1.11 shows the global market of customer engagement. The global energy management systems (EMS) (industrial, home, and building) market size was USD 9.8 billion in 2017 and is expected to increase to USD 72.73 billion in 2024 [36, 37]. The right‐side column of the Figure СКАЧАТЬ