Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies. Frede Blaabjerg

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СКАЧАТЬ 1.15 Central operation architecture.

      The residential sector is not being targeted by many programs in the traditional grid paradigm as it is hard to deal with due to a multitude of factors such as high acquisition costs and limited access to the individuals. However, currently, new smarter devices can be incorporated with a number of residential appliances to respond locally to the price signals in an automated manner. The flexibility of demand creates values for the grid and customers by minimizing customer bills, shifting consumption to lower prices at off‐peak hours, and reducing demand (during peak periods). Flexibility within demand can also help suppliers in some events to defer investments in central generation, distribution, and transmission.

      The SG will be flexible to the customers' active participation. Consumers will utilize the grid in a number ways, more consumers will be “prosumers”: both producers and consumers of energy and to additionally store the energy. The grid will no longer be merely a “delivery pipe” for electric power. All connected to the grid will be masters, no slave and master roles for them in future SGs [42]. The grid can constantly deliver power against disturbances (in extreme climate conditions and periods of natural disasters) without outages over a large area and could maintain information security against various attacks [43].

      1.7.2 Improved Efficiency

      Energy efficiency and product innovation programs are coupled together to make industrial and consumer sectors more efficient than they have been for a long time [44]. A SG with distributed energy generation allows for lower transmission and distribution losses which make the whole system more efficient. All parties connected to the grid work smartly for programs that improve the efficient use and delivery of electricity.

      1.7.3 Smart Transportation

      Electric transportation has been evolving rapidly during the past few years. The installation of smart EVs in the energy market can compensate for the need of major grid's infrastructure expansion. This compensation can be achieved if the EVs battery technologies allow for vehicle to grid (V2G), grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to building (V2B) power flows to perform large‐scale mobile storage and are combined with suitable pricing schemes to support the grid performance and economy. EV technology might be one of the most significant accelerators of SG adoption. Also, battery cost, size, and weight declination are considered as some of most important research topics related to EV deployment [45].

      1.7.4 Demand Response Support

SG permits generators and loads to interrelate in an automated way in real‐time, which allows customers to play a major role in optimizing the operation of the whole grid. Also, giving the consumers timely information enables them to reduce their energy bills by modifying their consumption patterns to overcome some of the constraints in the power system. DR and DSM are essential programs in SGs. DSM is applied for long‐term planning such as for shifting the load peak over time. DR ensures short‐term load response to improve the energy consumption profile over time. This could be realized by creating a dynamic electricity price. Consumers have the choice and authority over their consumption patterns. Various financial incentives could be created to adjust the level of demand and generation at strategic periods of the day. Figure 1.16 presents a classification of DR programs. Implementing DR programs into the operational aspects of the system has different benefits such as reducing the peak load and avoiding the need for new power plants and infrastructure oversizing [46].

DR programs are categorized into two main programs, time‐based programs, and incentive‐based programs. In the time‐based DR programs, the change in electricity prices can vary automatically at different times based on customer electricity consumption as per the contracts signed with the operator. While, with the incentive‐based DR programs, the customer is offered some incentives to participate in a fixed or varying period. The benefits will increase by triggering an incentive price to affect customer behavior by decreasing demand consumption.

Figure 1.16 Classification of DR.

      Currently, DR is only used by large commercial consumers, and its operation is based on informal signals such as phone calls by the utility or by the DR provider asking the consumer to lower their energy consumption during peak times for energy demand [47]. There are four main obstacles in the face of the uptake of DR:

      1 The shortfall of market integration.

      2 Improving incentive‐based DR programs.

      3 The need for increased adoption of enabling technologies.

      4 More communication in the power grid which is associated with privacy and security concerns.

      1.7.5 Reliability and Power Quality

      The SG utilizes technologies such as improved fault detection, state estimation, and enabling self‐healing of the network without the need for specialized personnel. This leads to a reliable supply of electricity and minimized vulnerability to attacks or natural disasters. Smart grid operates resiliently in disasters and during physical, or cyber‐attacks. Advanced control methods and monitoring oversee essential elements of the grid, enable rapid diagnosis and solutions to events that affect the grid's integrity, power quality, and smooth operation. The grid can monitor both on‐line and in real‐time as well as assess its current state and predict its future situation. The SG has robust risk warning procedures to employ preventive capabilities, automatic fault diagnosis, self‐fault isolation, and self‐restoration [48]. With all‐new energy resources and entities, optimization and handling the system will become more challenging, even with the availability of new technologies and tools. Interdependencies and interactions between distribution and transmission systems will keep rising. The increase in the grid's complexity will require many technological, computational, and business operation requirements such as [49, 50]:

      1 Self‐learning systems.

      2 Increased coordination between transmission‐level balancing areas as well as additional balancing abilities at the distribution level.

      3 Balancing abilities using both load‐side and supply‐side operations.

      4 Privacy and security to be applied in all parts of the system, down to end‐use devices.

      5 PnP capabilities in SG enhanced levels.

      1.7.6 Market‐Enabling

      The SG enables systematic communication between suppliers (their price of energy) and consumers (willingness‐to‐pay) and allows both the consumers and supplier increasing transmission paths, aggregated supply, DR initiatives, and ancillary service provisions [51].

1.8 Transformation from Traditional Grid to Smart Grid

There is a huge need to transform the traditional grid structure to SG. The current electric grid is on the way to SG at various rates of acceleration. Much has been accomplished to mitigate the possibility of blackouts, especially in utilizing new technologies that can assist electricity grids to be more reliable. Many of these technologies are smart and СКАЧАТЬ