Liquid Biofuels. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ [59] Waste cooking oil MgO 5:1 1.5% 328 45 24/200 98.7 [60] Jatropha oil CaO 11:1 5.5% 337 60 35/35 96 [20] Soybean oil CaO 10.1:1 6% 335 60 35/35 90 [61]

Table 2.1(B) Ultrasound-assisted heterogeneously acid catalyzed biodiesel synthesis case studies.

Oil (source)	Catalyst	Reaction	Molar ratio (Methanol to oil)	Catalyst loading (wt% or w/w)	Reaction temperature (K)	Time (min)	Ultrasound frequency/power (kHz/W)	Yield (%)	Reference
Mixed oil feedstock	Sulfonated Carbon	Transesterification	12.8:1	8.18%	336	60	35/35	93.7	[9]
Erythrina mexicana oil	Cobalt (II) 3D MOF	Transesterification	10 mL:1gm	25 mg	333	720	40 kHz	80	[62]
Pistacia khinjuk seed oil	Sulphated tin oxide impregnated with silicon dioxide	Transesterification	13:1	3.5%	338	50	20 kHz	88	[63]
Oleic acid	PTA@MIL–53 (Fe) (hetero–polyacid on Fe(III)–based MOF)	Esterification	16:1	100 mg	333	15	37/50	96	[64]
Sunflower oil	Sono–sulfated zirconia on MCM–41	Transesterification	9:1	5%	333	30	20/90	96.9	[65]
Waste fish oil	Sulfonated activated carbon	Esterification	14.85:1	11.4%	328	60	20/296	56	[66]
Waste cooking oil	Sulfonated carbon catalyst from cyclodextrin	Transesterification	16:1	11.5%	390	8.8	25 kHz	90.8	[67, 68]
Palm fatty acid distillate	Sulfonated cellulose	Transesterification	6:1	3%	333	180	20/120	81.2	[69]
Waste cooking oil	Tri–potassium phosphate	Transesterification	6:1	3%	323	90	22/375	92	[70]
Crude Jatropha oil	carbon–supported heteropoly acid	Transesterification	20:1	4%	323	60	20/400	87.33	[71]
Crude Jatropha oil	Cesium doped heteropoly acid	Transesterification	25:1	3%	327	34	20/400	90.5	[72]

Table 2.1(C) Ultrasound-assisted immobilized enzyme catalysed biodiesel synthesis case studies.

Oil (source)	Enzyme	Support	Molar ratio (alcohol to oil)	Enzyme loading (w/w)	Reaction temperature (K)	Time (min)	Ultrasonic frequency/power (kHz/W)	Yield (%)	Reference
Mixed oil	Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus	Commercially immobilized	7.64:1	3.55%	309	120	35/35	СКАЧАТЬ В начало < 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 > В конец