The 1996 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ 1.9% of GDP (1996)

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      @Bosnia and Herzegovina———————————

      On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former Yugoslavia's three warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement, signed by Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN, and Serbian President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbs while maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized borders. An international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops began to enter Bosnia in late 1995 to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement and is scheduled to depart the country within one year. A High Representative appointed by the UN Security Council is responsible for civilian implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation, facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian implementation, and coordinating activities of the civilian organizations and agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington creating their joint Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

      Map—

      Location: 44 00 N, 18 00 E—Southeastern Europe, bordering the

       Adriatic Sea and Croatia

      Flag——

      Description: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower outer side

      Geography————

      Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and

       Croatia

      Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

      Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe

      Area:

       total area: 51,233 sq km

       land area: 51,233 sq km

       comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,459 km

       border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312

       km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro)

      Coastline: 20 km

      Maritime claims: NA

      International disputes: none

      Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation

       have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy

       winters along coast

      Terrain: mountains and valleys

       lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

       highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

      Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,

       copper, chromium, lead, zinc

      Land use:

       arable land: 20%

       permanent crops: 2%

       meadows and pastures: 25%

       forest and woodland: 36%

       other: 17%

      Irrigated land: NA sq km

      Environment:

       current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for

       disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties, water

       shortages, and destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife

       natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes

       international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Law of the Sea,

       Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

       Layer Protection

      Geographic note: as of January 1996, Bosnian Serb leaders continued to demand revisions to the territorial aspects of the Dayton Agreement, especially in Sarajevo - designated to be under Federation control - and the Brcko/Posavina corridor area; members of the Bosnian Croat community also reject several territorial aspects of the agreement, citing that historically Bosnian Croat lands are to be transferred to Bosnian Serb control; despite disagreements, initial implementation of the agreement as of January 1996 appeared on course with the warring parties meeting the deadline for withdrawal of forces from the front lines in Sarajevo

      People———

      Population: 2,656,240 (July 1996 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 20% (male 276,530; female 248,519)

       15–64 years: 68% (male 892,807; female 915,686)

       65 years and over: 12% (male 133,081; female 189,617) (July 1996

       est.)

      Population growth rate: −2.84% (1996 est.)

      Birth rate: 6.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Death rate: 15.92 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Net migration rate: −18.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

       all ages: 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.11 years male: 51.16 years female: 61.39 years (1996 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 1 children born/woman (1996 est.)

      Nationality: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, СКАЧАТЬ