The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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      Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy (includes coast guard), Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard (2008)

      Military service age and obligation:

      18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2005)

      Manpower available for military service:

      males age 16–49: 1,113,251 females age 16–49: 1,168,021 (2008 est.)

      Manpower fit for military service:

      males age 16–49: 910,720 females age 16–49: 967,566 (2008 est.)

      Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

      male: 35,917 female: 34,566 (2008 est.)

      Military expenditures:

      0.59% of GDP (2005 est.)

      Military - note:

      a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia

      Transnational Issues

       Georgia

      Disputes - international:

      Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

      refugees (country of origin): 1,100 (Russia) IDPs: 220,000–240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2007)

      Illicit drugs:

      limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008

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      @Germany

      Introduction

       Germany

      Background:

      As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation, Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

      Geography

       Germany

      Location:

      Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

      Geographic coordinates:

      51 00 N, 9 00 E

      Map references:

      Europe

      Area:

      total: 357,021 sq km land: 349,223 sq km water: 7,798 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly smaller than Montana

      Land boundaries:

      total: 3,621 km border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

      Coastline:

      2,389 km

      Maritime claims:

      territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

      Climate:

      temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

      Terrain:

      lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster −3.54 m highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

      Natural resources:

      coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

      Land use:

      arable land: 33.13% permanent crops: 0.6% other: 66.27% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      4,850 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      188 cu km (2005)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 38.01 cu km/yr (12%/68%/20%) per capita: 460 cu m/yr (2001)

      Natural hazards:

      flooding

      Environment - current issues:

      emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

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