The 2004 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2004 est.)

      Airports - with unpaved runways:

       total: 8

       1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

       under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

       914 to 1,523 m: 2

       over 3,047 m: 1

      Heliports:

       1 (2003 est.)

      Military Albania

      Military branches:

       General Staff Headquarters, Land Forces Command (Army), Naval

       Forces Command, Air Forces Command, Doctrine and Exercises Command,

       Logistics Support Command

      Military manpower - military age and obligation:

       19 years of age (2004 est.)

      Military manpower - availability:

       males age 15–49: 956,107 (2004 est.)

      Military manpower - fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 775,422 (2004 est.)

      Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

       males: 36,584 (2004 est.)

      Military expenditures - dollar figure:

       $56.5 million (FY02)

      Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

       1.49% (FY02)

      Transnational Issues Albania

      Disputes - international:

       the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of

       ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful

       resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in

       neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea

       has little appeal among Albanian nationals

      Illicit drugs:

       increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian

       opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to

       a far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for

       Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;

       ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding

       in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional

       trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

      ======================================================================

      @Algeria

      Introduction Algeria

      Background: After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the subsequent generation were not satisfied, however, and moved to counter the FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992–1998 and which resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the presidency in 1999 in a fraudulent election but claimed neutrality in his 2004 landslide reelection victory. A number of longstanding problems continue to face BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic minority Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the continuing - although significantly degraded - activities of extremist militants. Algeria must also diversify its petroleum-based economy, which has yielded a large cash reserve but which has not been used to redress Algeria's many social and infrastructure problems. Algeria assumed a two-year seat on the UN Security Council in January 2004.

      Geography Algeria

      Location:

       Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco

       and Tunisia

      Geographic coordinates:

       28 00 N, 3 00 E

      Map references:

       Africa

      Area:

       total: 2,381,740 sq km

       water: 0 sq km

       land: 2,381,740 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

      Land boundaries:

       total: 6,343 km

       border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km,

       Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

      Coastline:

       998 km

      Maritime claims:

       territorial sea: 12 nm

       exclusive fishing zone: 32–52 nm

      Climate:

       arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along

       coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;

       sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

      Terrain:

       mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow,

       discontinuous СКАЧАТЬ