The 1997 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

      Terrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge)

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Fram Basin −4,665 m highest point: sea level 0 m

      Natural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

      Natural hazards: ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May

      Environment - current issues: endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage

      Environment - international agreements: party to : none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months

      @Arctic Ocean:Government

      Data code: none; the US Government has not approved a standard for hydrographic codes - see the Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes appendix

      Economy

      Economy - overview: Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.

      @Arctic Ocean:Communications

      Telephone system: international: no submarine cables

      @Arctic Ocean:Transportation

      Ports and harbors: Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay

       (US)

      Transportation - note: sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways

      Military

      :

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia ______________________________________________________________________

      ARGENTINA

      @Argentina:Geography

      Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay

      Geographic coordinates: 34 00 S, 64 00 W

      Map references: South America

      Area: total: 2,766,890 sq km land: 2,736,690 sq km water : 30,200 sq km

      Area - comparative: slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US

      Land boundaries:

       total: 9,665 km

       border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km,

       Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

      Coastline: 4,989 km

      Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

      Climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

      Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Salinas Chicas −40 m highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,962 m

      Natural resources: fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium

      Land use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 52% forests and woodland: 19% other: 19% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 17,000 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and northeast; heavy flooding

      Environment - current issues: erosion results from inadequate flood controls and improper land use practices; irrigated soil degradation; desertification; air pollution in Buenos Aires and other major cities; water pollution in urban areas; rivers becoming polluted due to increased pesticide and fertilizer use

      Environment - international agreements: party to : Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

      Geography - note: second-largest country in South America (after

       Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between South

       Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel,

       Drake Passage)

      @Argentina:People

      Population: 35,797,985 (July 1997 est.)

      Age structure: 0–14 years: 28% (male 5,042,521; female 4,855,874) 15–64 years : 62% (male 11,133,884; female 11,155,104) 65 years and over: 10% (male 1,499,538; female 2,111,064) (July 1997 est.)

      Population growth rate: 1.3% (1997 est.)

      Birth rate: 20.01 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Death rate: 7.68 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Net migration rate: 0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Sex СКАЧАТЬ