Stigmatic Optics. Rafael G González-Acuña
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Название: Stigmatic Optics
Автор: Rafael G González-Acuña
Издательство: Ingram
Жанр: Физика
Серия: IOP Series in Emerging Technologies in Optics and Photonics
isbn: 9780750334631
isbn:
Thank you very much!
Acknowledgements of Héctor Alejandro Chaparro-Romo
I want to thank the IOP family widely for this opportunity, the fact that you have believed in our own abilities and merits comforts us greatly, the feat of consolidating a project of authentic knowledge and intertwining it with the classic always brings with it a challenge of unknown magnitude. Through this second work, what is rightfully true is reaffirmed. Optical design will never be the same.
I am particularly grateful to Professor Dr R Barry Johnson, editor in chief of the series, Ashley Gasque for all the support she gave us and Robert Trevelyan for his diligent instructions, without them this project would still be in process.
Beyond family and friend thanks, I want to thank prospectively all those who will enjoy this work, either designing optical systems or consuming all the technology that at some future time will be developed based on this knowledge.
I hope with fervor that this final result is an incentive to improve the quality of life for all, the greatest thanks is for those who, through their mastery of knowledge, make a moment of existence something comforting and pleasant.
I thank you, dear readers, for the patience and the decision to read our work; in fact the number of equations and their procedures are not trivial matters, however, with discipline and responsibility they can be mastered with such ease that their magnitude becomes ephemeral and despicable. Among the greatest difficulties that we have had to face, Rafael, is the fact that currently there are very few people who enjoy this knowledge—I hope that soon you can open debate with us and with this continue creating a model of Nature with a concrete and consistent theoretical basis.
I thank all those institutions that support the full development of their populations, all those governments that try to use reason and avoid the repression of free thought.
This book is a tribute to our time, nowadays the role of the scientist is frequently confused in the teaching market, I thank all those who do not give up on their scientific thinking and much less stop creating ideas.
Father, mother, brother and Rafael, thanks again for facing the challenge as a team, without this link many projects would not have been possible, only a just goal makes the difficulty lessen, we again achieved it.
Finally I thank all those people who will use this knowledge to build a better humanity, a peaceful life and a reason for existence!
Author biographies
Rafael G González-Acuña
Rafael G González-Acuña studied industrial physics engineering at the Tecnológico de Monterrey and studied the masterʼs degree in optomechatronics at Centro de investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. He is currently studying his PhD at the Tecnológico de Monterrey. His doctoral thesis focuses on the design of free spherical aberration lenses. He is co-author of the solution to the problem of designing bi-aspheric singlet lenses free of spherical aberration. He is co-author of the book Analytical Lens Design (IOP Publishing).
Héctor A Chaparro-Romo
Héctor A Chaparro-Romo obtained his bachelorʼs in electronic engineering at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, and is currently studying for a degree in Economics at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He is co-author of the solution to the problem of spherical aberration in lens design, he is also co-author of several peer-reviewed scientific articles and a book on analytical design of optical systems. Héctor is an independent and self-employed researcher in his home office, where he fully focuses his capabilities in the complex field of computer networks and the Internet, As a pioneer, his main goal is to develop http://www.biaspheric.com as a reference portal for all those who want to learn deeply the theory of optical design that works from the rigorous analytical paradigm. He is co-author of the book Analytical Lens Design (IOP Publishing).
IOP Publishing
Stigmatic Optics
Rafael G González-Acuña and Héctor A Chaparro-Romo
Chapter 1
The Maxwell equations
In this chapter, we give a brief review of the Maxwell equations for electromagnetic theory, after a concise explication, we obtain the step-by-step electromagnetic wave equation. Maxwell equations are the fundamental basis for optical theory, and therefore to the stigmatic optics discipline.
1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we are going to review Maxwell’s equations. The main goal is to get the wave equation. From, the wave equation we can get the eikonal equation. From the eikonal equation, we can derive the concept of ray and set the bases of geometrical optics.
The general idea of this book is to take Maxwell’s equations as axioms and their implications as theorems. In this language, the wave equation would be a theorem, a direct consequence of Maxwell’s equations. The equation of the eikonal, under one approximation, is an implication of the wave equation and from it, we develop the theory of stigmatism.
The purest and most exquisite branch of geometric optics is stigmatic optics, the branch to which this book owes its name.
1.2 Lorentz force
Let’s start with the definition of the electric field. An electric field can be described as a vector field in which a point electric charge of value q suffers the effects of an electrical force F⃗ given by the following equation:
F⃗=qE⃗,(1.1)
where E⃗ is the electric field. Electric fields can be originated, from both electrical charges and variable magnetic fields.
Electric fields can be positive or negative. They are positive if they are generated by positive charges, and negative if they are generated by negative charges. Charges with different sign are attracted and with similar charge repel each other. Since the electric field is a vector space it can be represented as vectors, thus it is usually represented as vector lines. The lines emerge from positive charges and end in negative charges, as can be seen in figures 1.1–1.3.
Figure 1.1. Charges with different sign are attracted.
Figure 1.2. Positive charges repel each other.
Figure 1.3. Negative СКАЧАТЬ