European Integration. Mark Gilbert

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СКАЧАТЬ IGC begins.

      May 1, 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the EU. The EU’s membership is now twenty-five.

      June 10–13, 2004: European Parliament elections are held.

      June 18, 2004: IGC ends with an agreement on Constitutional Treaty.

      July 22, 2004: The European Parliament approves the appointment of Jose Manuel Barroso (Portugal) as the Commission’s new president.

      October 29, 2004: The EU member states sign the treaty establishing a Constitution of Europe in Rome.

      April 25, 2005: Accession treaties signed with Bulgaria and Romania in Luxembourg. Actual accessions are scheduled to take place in 2007.

      May 29, 2005: French “no” to the Constitutional Treaty.

      June 1, 2005: Dutch “no” to the Constitutional Treaty. European Council begins a “period of reflection” on European Constitution.

      October 3, 2005: Accession negotiations with Turkey and Croatia begin.

      January 1, 2007: The accession of Bulgaria and Romania completes the fifth enlargement of the EU.

      July 23, 2007: Member states’ representatives meet in Brussels for an IGC on a draft reform treaty to amend the EU treaties.

      December 13, 2007: The Treaty of Lisbon is signed at Mosteiro dos Jeronimos, in Lisbon.

      December 21, 2007: The Schengen area is enlarged to include Estonia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

      January 1, 2008: Cyprus and Malta adopt the Euro.

      June 12, 2008: Ireland rejects the Treaty of Lisbon in a referendum.

      September 1, 2008: The EU leaders meet at a summit to discuss the fighting in Georgia and condemn Russia’s “disproportionate reaction.”

      December 12, 2008: The European Council adopts the Economic Recovery Plan.

      January 1, 2009: Slovakia adopts the euro.

      June 4–7, 2009: European Parliament elections are held.

      July 23, 2009: Iceland applies for EU membership.

      September 16, 2009: The European Parliament approves the nomination of Jose Manuel Barroso for a second five-year term as president of the European Commission.

      October 3, 2009: Ireland approves the Lisbon Treaty in a second referendum.

November 20, 2009: The European Council appoints Herman Van Rompuy (Belgium) as the first permanent president of the EU Council. Catherine Ashton (UK) becomes High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

      December 1, 2009: The Lisbon Treaty comes into effect.

      2010s

      February 9, 2010: The European Parliament approves the Barroso II Commission.

      May 7, 2010: Together with the IMF, EU leaders approve emergency funding, worth up to €750 billion, to bail out members of the Eurozone unable to finance their national debt.

      June 17, 2010: The European Council decides to open accession negotiations with Iceland. European Council adopts Europe 2020 strategy for “smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.”

      November 28, 2010: The EU agrees to support the Irish economy to help safeguard the stability of the euro.

      January 1, 2011: Estonia adopts the euro, the seventeenth state to do so.

      March 25, 2011: “Euro Plus” pact adopted by European Council.

      August 16, 2011: Chancellor Angela Merkel (Germany) and President Nicolas Sarkozy (France) call for additional biannual meetings of the European Council to provide “true economic government” for the EU.

      January 3, 2012: All the EU states except for the Czech Republic and Great Britain vote for a new treaty regulating the stability and governance of the economic and monetary union. The treaty is signed at the beginning of March.

      July 1, 2013: Croatia joins the EU.

      January 1, 2014: Latvia joins the euro.

      May 22–25, 2014: European Parliament elections. In Great Britain, the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) takes 27.6 percent of the vote, increasing pressure on Prime Minister David Cameron to negotiate a special deal for Britain.

      August 30, 2014: Donald Tusk of Poland replaces Herman Van Rompuy as president of the European Council. Federica Mogherini of Italy replaces Catherine Ashton as High Representative.

      October 22, 2014: Jean-Claude Juncker (Luxembourg) becomes president of the Commission.

      February 19, 2016: The European Council negotiates a special deal with Great Britain that exempts Britain from involvement in political union and allows Britain to restrict the welfare benefits it pays to immigrants from other EU countries.

      June 23, 2016: Britain votes to leave the EU by 52 percent to 48 percent; 17.4 million British citizens vote to leave. Prime Minister David Cameron resigns the following day.

March 1, 2017: The Commission publishes the White Paper on the Future of Europe.

      March 29, 2017: Prime Minister Theresa May formally notifies the European Council of Britain’s decision to leave the EU under article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon. Britain has until March 29, 2019, to negotiate and ratify a treaty withdrawing from the EU.

      December 20, 2017: The EU sanctions Poland for its reforms to the judiciary, which are widely interpreted as being a deliberate attempt to reduce the independence of the legal system from political control.

      July 17, 2018: The EU and Japan conclude the largest free trade deal in the EU’s history.

      November 14, 2018: Publication of the Withdrawal Agreement (WA) between the United Kingdom and the EU. It is subsequently approved by the European Council and provokes a challenge to May’s leadership of the Conservative Party.

      January 15, 2019: WA rejected by the House of Commons by 432 votes to 202. It is the largest defeat by a British government in parliamentary history. The WA is subsequently rejected on March 12 by the fourth largest margin in parliamentary history.

      March 21, 2019: The European СКАЧАТЬ