Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ Ruchi Chawla*, Varsha Rani and Mohini Mishra

       Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India

       Abstract

      Recently, significant efforts have been made on the development of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticulate carrier systems like polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. for delivery of drugs because of their potential benefits such as enhanced drug permeability, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity and cell attachment, improved bioavailability, reduced systemic toxicity, reduced local irritation, predictable gastric emptying, and improved pharmacokinetic behavior in comparison to conventional (monolithic) formulations. The sub-cellular and sub-micron size of nanoparticles facilitates trafficking and sorting into deep tissues through capillaries or fenestrations and also into different intracellular compartments such as macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.

      The delivery to target site and tissues can be controlled by engineering the polymer/lipid characteristics for their molecular weight, size, aqueous solubility, etc. The nanoparticulate carriers can be targeted both actively and passively. Conjugation with receptor-specific ligands results in active targeting with potential delivery of drugs to the target tissue. Autophagy is an example of passive targeting mechanism in which circulating cytoplasmic cells or organelles engulf the drug carriers (like in tuberculosis). Besides use of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs, they can also be used for delivery of DNA in gene therapy and administer proteins, peptides, and genes via peroral route. Thus, the nanoparticulate drug carriers have versatile applications in drug delivery and treatment of diseases.

      Keywords: Polymeric nanoparticles, lipidic nanocarriers, thernostics, SPIONs, SEEDS, applications, regenerative medicine, phagokinetics

List of Abbreviations

SLNs	Solid lipid nanoparticles
NLCs	Nanostructured lipid carriers
ULVs	Unilamellar vesicles
MLVs	Multilamellar vesicles
PLNs	PEGylated-lipid nanoparticles
siRNA	Small interfering RNA
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
P-gp	P-glycoprotein
RGD	Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
CSLNs	Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles
DOPE	Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
PG	Phosphatidylglycerol
PS	Phosphatidylserine
PC	Phosphatidylcholine
RES	Reticuloendothelial system
NIPAM	N-isopropylacrylamide
HT	Hyperthermia
Tm	Phase transition temperature
CMC	Critical micellar concentration
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
SPIONs	Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
MPI	Magnetic particle imaging
PEI	Poly(ethylenimine)
CST	Critical solution temperature
LCST	Lower critical solution temperatures
UCST	Upper critical solution temperature
NDV	Newcastle disease virus
ISCOMs	Immuno-stimulating complexes
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
NAP	Neuroprotective peptide
Lf	Lactoferrin
Pep-H	Peptide H
Mtb Ab	Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibody
SEDDS	Self-emulsifying drug delivery system
SMDDS	Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system

2.1 Introduction

One can witness the multitudinous furtherance made by researchers in the field of medicines. Multifarious research has been done in not just discovering new drugs and their targets but also casting the unique ways that could deliver the drug of interest to the desired site with maximum efficacy and minimal side effects. Novel drug delivery systems in relation to conventional drug delivery systems offer advantages of controlling the fate of drugs in the body with minimal fluctuations in plasma-drug concentration. Apart from these core advantages, they also provide target specificity, improved bioavailability, lesser side effects, and better absorption profile. Nanotechnology has opened newer avenues of applications of novel drug delivery systems by providing target specificity to the carriers achieved by engineering the surface of the carriers with moieties that can attach to receptors expressed abundantly by the diseased cells [1]. Nanoscience has revolutionized the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, and nano-biotechnology [2, 3]. Nanomaterials are considered as particles having size less than 100 nm in any one dimension. Based on this criterion, the nanomaterials are classified as zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2-D), and three-dimensional (3D). Particles are considered as 0-D nanomaterials when all the dimensions are in the nanoscale range, i.e., less than 100 nm. Two out of three dimensions in 1-D nanomaterials are in the nanoscale range (one dimension is in the macroscale range). Nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanorods are examples of 1-D nanomaterials. The 2-D nanomaterials have only one dimension in the nanoscale range; examples include nanofilms and nanocoatings. Bundles of nanotubes or nanorods, multilayer of nanofilms in which all the dimensions are in the macroscale range, are considered as 3-D nanomaterials [4].

      Polymers СКАЧАТЬ