Security Engineering. Ross Anderson
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Название: Security Engineering

Автор: Ross Anderson

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Зарубежная компьютерная литература

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isbn: 9781119642817

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СКАЧАТЬ the Socialist game: it came out in 2019 that someone had hacked at least ten western mobile phone companies over the previous seven years and exfiltrated call data records – and that the perpetrators appeared to be the APT10 gang, linked to the Chinese military [2021].

      Strategically, the question may not be just whether China could use Huawei routers to wiretap other countries at scale, so much as whether they could use it in time of tension to launch DDoS attacks that would break the Internet by subverting BGP routing. I discuss this in more detail in the section 21.2.1. For years, China's doctrine of ‘Peaceful Rise’ meant avoiding conflict with other major powers until they're strong enough. The overall posture is one of largely defensive information warfare, combining pervasive surveillance at home, a walled-garden domestic Internet that is better defended against cyber-attack than anyone else's, plus considerable and growing capabilities, which are mainly used for diligent intelligence-gathering in support of national strategic interests. They are starting to bully other countries in various ways that sometimes involve online operations. In 2016, during a dispute with Vietnam over some islands in the South China Sea, they hacked the airport systems in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, displaying insulting messages and forcing manual check-in for passengers [1197]. In 2020, the EU has denounced China for spreading disruptive fake news about the coronavirus pandemic [1580], and Australia has denounced cyber-attacks that have happened since it called for an international inquiry into the pandemic's origins [937]. These information operations displayed a first-class overt and covert disinformation capability and followed previous more limited campaigns in Hong Kong and Taiwan [564]. Diplomatic commentators note that China's trade policy, although aggressive, is no different from Japan's in the 1970s and not as aggressive as America's; that the new Cold War is just as misguided and just as likely to be wasteful and dangerous as the last one; that China still upholds the international order more than it disrupts it; and that it upholds it more consistently than the USA has done since WWII [704]. China's external propaganda aim is to present itself as a positive socio-economic role model for the world, as it competes for access and influence and emerges as a peer competitor to the USA and Europe.

      2.2.3 Russia

      Russia, like China, lacks America's platform advantage and compensates with hacking teams that use spear-phishing and malware. Unlike China, it takes the low road, acting frequently as a spoiler, trying to disrupt the international order, and sometimes benefiting directly via a rise in the price of oil, its main export. The historian Timothy Snyder describes Putin's rise to power and his embrace of oligarchs, orthodox Christianity, homophobia and the fascist ideologue Ivan Ilyin, especially since rigged elections in 2012. This leaves the Russian state in need of perpetual struggle against external enemies who threaten the purity of the Russian people [1802]. Its strategic posture online is different from China's in four ways. First, it's a major centre for cybercrime; underground markets first emerged in Russia and Ukraine in 2003–5, as we'll discuss in the following section on cybercrime. Second, although Russia is trying to become more closed like China, its domestic Internet is relatively open and intertwined with the West's, including major service firms such as VK and Yandex [605]. Third, Russia's strategy of re-establishing itself as a regional power has been pursued much more aggressively than China's, with direct military interference in neighbours such as Georgia and Ukraine. These interventions have involved a mixed strategy of cyber-attacks plus ‘little green men’ – troops without Russian insignia on their uniforms – with a political strategy of denial. Fourth, Russia was humiliated by the USA and Europe when the USSR collapsed in 1989, and still feels encircled. Since about 2005 its goal has been to undermine the USA and the EU, and to promote authoritarianism and nationalism as an alternative to the rules-based international order. This has been pursued more forcefully since 2013; Snyder tells the history [1802]. With Brexit, and with the emergence of authoritarian governments in Hungary, Turkey and Poland, this strategy appears to be winning.

      The following year, as the conflict dragged on, Russia took down 30 СКАЧАТЬ