Numbers: B2+. Dawn Willoughby

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СКАЧАТЬ What is statistics?

      Every day in our lives, we hear and read about many different types of information in the form of data. Data can tell us interesting and important details about the world around us but it can be challenging to understand the facts and figures.

      Statistics is a mathematical science that helps us to make sense of data that has been counted, measured, asked about or observed. It involves four main activities:

       Glossary

      method A method is a particular way of doing something.

      technique A technique is a particular method of doing an activity, usually a method that involves practical skills.

      Collecting data – first of all, we decide what type of data we are interested in, which method we shall use to collect the data, and where we would like to collect it from.

      Organizing data – we use a range of different techniques to summarize the data we have collected so that we can see interesting features or patterns in the information.

      Interpreting data – we use the results of calculations to help us make comparisons about different sets of data, to answer questions and make decisions about the world around us.

       Glossary

      feature A feature of something is an interesting or important part or characteristic of it.

      Presenting data – when we have found out interesting facts about our data, then we will need to display and present the information to other people so that they can understand our conclusions.

       Exercise 5

      Choose a newspaper or news-related website and look for reports that use statistics to help explain the main points of the article. Think about these questions:

      

How was the data collected?

      

What type of organization is using the statistics?

      

What interesting features or patterns were found in the data?

      

How is the data presented?

      Statistics is important in many different subject areas. The following diagram lists some examples of the type of data that might be collected and used:

       Some terminology

      In statistics, we use two key words: variable and observation. It is important to understand the difference in their meanings. A variable is a characteristic or an attribute that can have different values; an observation is the value of a variable that has actually been counted, measured or observed. Some variables are shown below, with a list of possible observations next to each one.

       Glossary

      variable A variable is a factor that can change in quality, quantity, or size, which you have to take into account in a situation.

      characteristic The characteristics of a person or thing are the qualities or features that belong to them and make them recognizable.

      attribute An attribute is a quality or feature that someone or something has.

Variable	Observations
favourite colour	purple, blue, orange
number of pets	3, 1, 0
time spent reading	2 hours, 1 hour
number of children in a family	1, 5, 2
eye colour	brown, blue
number of letters in a name	10, 4, 8

      The observations for a variable can be described as quantitative or qualitative, depending on what the information is about. Quantitative data is something which can be measured or counted using a number. Qualitative data represents a characteristic that uses words to describe it but does not use any numbers.

      Examples of quantitative variables are:

      

time taken to complete a test

      

the number of books in a library

      

the highest temperature in a month

      Examples of qualitative variables are:

      

the nationality of people in a cinema

      

the favourite sport of children in a school

      

the colours of balloons at a party

       Exercise 6

      Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.

1 A variable	a Data which can be measured or counted using a number.
2 An observation	b The value of a variable that has actually been counted, measured or observed.
3 Quantitative	c Data representing a characteristic that uses words to describe it but does not use any numbers.
4 Qualitative	d A characteristic or an attribute that СКАЧАТЬ В начало < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > В конец