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      1 Education and Training in Endoscopy

       Jürgen Hochberger, Jürgen Maiss, and Jonathan Cohen

      1.1 Introduction

      Optimal patient care and quality outcomes are becoming increasingly important in clinical medicine. Specialist medical societies have produced guidelines and recommendations for minimum quality requirements for performance of endoscopic techniques (

      Recently, endoscopy simulators have rekindled debate on whether training in basic manual skills is better provided outside the patient.^4,5,6,7,8 Despite the growing availability of various training models, practical skills are still routinely acquired by performing actual procedures under the supervision of a senior endoscopist. This chapter presents an overview of training issues and the role of simulators in training.

      1.2 Clinical Education

      A few general principles can be applied to the entire field of endoscopic training:

      • The endpoint of training is the acquisition of competency to perform the examinations without supervision at a level comparable to that achieved by practitioners in the community.

      • While certain general endoscopic basic skills are crucial to many procedures, training must be procedure specific. Competency in one technique does not necessarily guarantee competency in another technique.

      • Procedures performed for diagnostic purposes should also enable related tissue sampling or therapies associated with that procedure.

      1.2.1 Clinical Training to Competency in Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Colonoscopy: Studies, Guidelines, and Assessment

      Since the early 1980s, trainees have been required to keep a record of all procedures performed,¹ in particular for colonoscopy. The ability to reach the cecum is the most common criterion by which colonoscopies have been judged.⁹ Data from early studies showed variable learning curves and led to the concept of minimal numbers of procedures required.¹ Sedlack et al presented in 2011 a new assessment tool, the so-called Mayo Colonoscopy Skills Assessment Tool (MCSAT), to describe learning curves for colonoscopy.¹⁰ They evaluated forty-one GI fellows who performed 6,635 colonoscopies. Independent cecal intubation rates of 85% and cecal intubation times of 16 minutes or less were achieved at 275 procedures on average, which is more than previous gastroenterology training recommendations required.

      In 2014, the Training Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) presented the “Assessment of Competency in Endoscopy” (ACE) tool as a refinement of the MCSAT.⁹ The ACE tool added important quality parameters such as a metric assessment of fine-tip control and polyp detection rates. In 2016, a prospective, multicenter trial was published evaluating the ACE tool at 10 institutions across the United States including 93 gastrointestinal (GI) fellows.¹¹ A total of 184 senior endoscopists assessed 1,061 colonoscopies, which included 6 motor and 6 cognitive skills on a 4-point scale. The average fellow reached required cognitive and motor skills endpoints by 250 procedures, with over 90% of fellows surpassing these thresholds by 300 procedures.¹¹ Procedure times, polyp detection rates, and polyp miss rates with increasing experience are shown in

      Barton et al¹² described in 2012 the value of the Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) method developed by an expert group of colonoscopists and clinical educators in the United Kingdom. Colonoscopists wishing to participate in the British National Health Service National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) were assessed. Assessments from 147 candidates and 28 assessors were analyzed. Candidates had to prove experience in a minimum of 500 colonoscopies with a self-reported cecal intubation rate of ≥ 90% and a polyp detection rate of ≥ 20%. The assessment had high reliability using generalizability theory (G) with G = 0.81 and correlated highly with a global expert assessment. Both, candidates and assessors, believed that the DOPS was a valid assessment of competence.

      Anderson¹³ recently described how DOPS evaluation has been successfully integrated for trainees as well as for independent endoscopists into the “UK National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.” The Joint Advisory Group (JAG) sets the standards for endoscopy training and the accreditation of endoscopy units as base training units.^14,15 A Global Rating Scale web-based system is used for continuous assessment of performance and DOPS is regularly applied in order to monitor continuously individual performances. An individual web-based logbook and e-portfolio of each endoscopist is created via a national database system that is the base for credentialing and certification. Feedback of data to individuals helps in benchmarking and identification of those with suboptimal performance and a need for extra training and close audits. The system has recently been extended to upper GI endoscopy and other techniques.¹⁶

      1.2.2 Training in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

      Proficiency in all aspects of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires several years of practical training and continuous refinement of knowledge and skills.⁸ With the advent of noninvasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), ERCP is an almost purely therapeutic procedure. This is creating a new challenge in the training of young endoscopists, as ERCP procedures are becoming more complex and are concentrated in large- or mid-volume endoscopy centers.^17,18

      In most fellowship training programs, traditional ERCP training follows education in diagnostic gastroscopy and colonoscopy and is often begun when the trainee has been introduced to polypectomy, hemostasis, or EUS training as part of a “learning pyramid” (

      Jowell et al¹⁹ found that a minimum of 180 to 200 ERCPs are needed to be performed before a trainee could attain competency in ERCP.¹⁹ (