Romans. Craig S. Keener

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СКАЧАТЬ Cicero

      Cor. Marcus Coriolanus

      De esu Eating Flesh

      De laude Boasting Inoffensively

      Frat. amor. On Brotherly Love

      Isis Isis and Osiris

      Ought not Borrow That We Ought Not Borrow

      Quaest. conv. Table-Talk

      Quaest. rom. Roman Questions

      Superst. Superstition

      Thes. Theseus

      Poryphyry

      Ar. Cat. On Aristotle’s Categories

      Marc. To Marcella

      Pseudo-Callisthenes

      Alex. Alexander Romance

      Pyth. Sent. Pythogorean Sentences

      Quintilian

      Inst. Institutes of Oratory

      Rhet. Alex. Rhetorica ad Alexandrum

      Rhet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium

      Sallust

      Bell. Cat. War with Cataline

      Rep. Letters to Caesar on the State

      Seneca the Elder

      Controv. Controversiae

      Suas. Suasoriae

      Seneca the Younger

      Ben. On Benefits

      Dial. Dialogues

      Ep. Lucil. Epistles to Lucilius

      Med. Medea

      Nat. Natural Questions

      Sextus Empiricus

      Pyr. Outlines of Pyrrhonism

      Sophocles

      Phil. Philoctetes

      Suetonius

      Aug. Divus Augustus

      Claud. Divus Cladius

      Dom. Domitian

      Jul. Divus Julius

      Tib. Tiberius

      Tacitus

      Ann. Annals

      Hist. Histories

      Terence

      Andr. Andria

      Theon

      Progymn. Progymnasmata

      Virgil

      Aen. Aeneid

      Vit. Aes. Life of Aesop

      Xenophon

      Anab. Anabasis

      Apol. Apologia Socratis

      Cyn. Cynegeticus

      Cyr. Cyropaedia

      Hell. Hellinica

      Mem. Memorabilia

      Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other

      ANET2 Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old

       Testament, edited by J. B. Pritchard (2nd ed.;

       Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955)

      CIJ Corpus inscriptionum judaicarum

      CPJ Corpus papyrorum judaicarum, edited by V.

       Tcherikover (3 vols.; Cambridge: Magnes Press,

       Hebrew University, 1957–64)

      P. Giess. Griechische Papyri im Museum des oberhessischen

       Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen, edited by E. Kornemann,

       O. Eger, and P. M. Meyer (Leipzig-Berlin, 1910–12)

      PGM Papyri graecae magicae: Die griechischen

       Zauberpapyri, edited by K. Preisendanz (Berlin: B.G.

       Teubner, 1928)

      P. Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum, edited by F. S.

       Kenyon and H. I. Bell (London, 1903–17)

      P. Oxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, edited by B. P. Grenfell and

       A. S. Hunt (17 vols.; 1896–1927)

      Introduction

      Because Romans is the first Pauline letter in our NT canon, I begin with an introduction that may shed some light on the letters in general, although it is designed with Romans particularly in mind.

      Reading Letters

In the past, some scholars made much of the difference between “letters” and “epistles,” placing Paul’s in the former category to show their proximity to most surviving ancient letters (from Egyptian papyri) rather than literary letters. While Paul did not belong to the elite circles of leisured letter writers like Cicero or Pliny, he did not simply compose his major letters, like Romans, off the top of his head. Given the time necessary to take normal dictation in antiquity (shorthand being unavailable), Paul may have taken over eleven hours to dictate this letter to Tertius, its scribe (Rom 16:22).1 Since such a major undertaking probably involved more than one draft (and Paul could draw on his preaching experience), the final draft may have taken less than this estimate, but the total time invested in the letter was probably greater. Given the cost of papyrus and of the labor required (though Tertius, a believer, might have donated his services), one scholar estimates the cost of Romans at 20.68 denarii, which he calculates as roughly $2275 in recent US currency.2 In other words, Paul did not simply offer this project as an afterthought; Romans is a carefully premeditated work.

As we shall note below, Romans is no ordinary letter; it is a sophisticated argument. The average ancient papyrus letter was 87 words; the orator Cicero was more long-winded, averaging 295 words (with as many as 2530 words); and the philosopher Seneca averaged 995 words (with as many as 4134). The extant letters attributed to Paul average 2495 words, while Romans, his longest, has 7114 words.3 Because ancient urban argumentation typically involved rhetoric, we shall СКАЧАТЬ