Basic Japanese. Eriko Sato
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Название: Basic Japanese
Автор: Eriko Sato
Издательство: Ingram
Жанр: Книги о Путешествиях
isbn: 9781462919284
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How about going to see a movie together next time?
3.9 Verbs, polite moods
You have heard forms like ikimasu ‘goes,’ ikimashita ‘went,’ and ikimashō ‘let’s go.’ These are various moods of the same verb. Each verb, adjective, and the copula as well, can be changed in shape to correspond to different categories we call “moods.” (Compare the English forms go, went, gone, going.)
In Japanese, each verb, like each adjective and the copula, has two sets of forms: “polite” and “plain.” So far we have seen only the polite forms of verbs and the copula. In the next lesson we have some of the plain forms of these, and plain and polite forms of the adjectives. In normal polite conversation, it is customary to end a sentence with one of these polite forms. For a further discussion on the use of polite and plain forms, see the next lesson.
In this lesson, you’ll find forms like shite ‘doing,’ hanashite ‘talking,’ kaette ‘returned and,’ kite (kudasai) ‘(please) come,’ aruite (ikimasu) ‘(goes) on foot,’ tsurete (kimasu) ‘brings along,’ tabete (kara) ‘(after) eating,’ (kuruma ni) notte (ikimasu)’ (goes) riding (in a car).’ These forms are called gerunds or te-forms. The use of gerunds is discussed in 3.10. You need not worry about how they are formed until the next lesson. Just learn them as they occur.
Below is a list of some verbs, and the copula, many of which you have seen by now in this book. Examine the list, but no need to memorize it.
You will notice that the mood we call the polite imperfect ends in -masu for all the verbs (-su for the copula); the polite perfect ends in -mashita for all the verbs (-shita for the copula); and the polite tentative ends in -mashō for all the verbs (-shō for the copula). The verb forms that appear before these polite endings are called infinitives (or pre-masu forms), and they all end in the vowel -e or -i. See 4.3 and 4.8 for more about infinitives. The plain gerund ends in -te or -de (no ending for the copula), and there are certain changes in the verb stem itself.
3.10. Use of the gerund (or te-form)
The gerund is often called the te-form. It is used before kudasai ‘please’ to make a polite request, for example:
もう一度言ってください。
Mōichido itte kudasai.
Please say it again.
The gerund is used with the particle kara to mean ‘after (do)ing.’ For example:
ご飯を食べてから新聞を読みました。
Go-han o tabete kara shinbun o yomimashita.
After eating, I read my newspaper.
The gerund is also used alone at the end of a clause to mean ‘does/did/will do … and…,’ for example:
オフィスへ行って, メールを読みます。
Ofisu e itte, mēru o yomimasu.
I go to the office and read my e-mails.
The gerund is used in verb phrases with some form of the verb imasu to mean ‘is (do)ing,’ expressing a kind of “process” or “continuing action” and focusing on the fact that the action lasts for a while. For example:
今ご飯を食べています。
Ima go-han o tabete imasu.
I’m eating now.
The simple verb form, on the other hand, focuses our attention on the action itself, either a specific act (Nani o tabemasu ka ‘What do/will you eat?’; Sakuban benkyō shimashita ‘Last night I studied’) or a series thought of as a set of specific acts (Mainichi hatarakimasu ‘Every day I work’) rather than as a set of continuing actions taking up a space of time (Mainichi hataraite imasu ‘Every day I’M WORKING’). The exact difference between shigoto o shimasu and shigoto o shite imasu is just as subtle as that between ‘I work’ and ‘I’m working,’ and in many situations either phrase would seem appropriate. Sometimes the difference between the simple verb and the GERUND + imasu seems to lie in a slightly different focus of emphasis. In the sentence Ichi-ji kara ni-ji made hatarakimashita ‘I worked from 1 o’clock to 2 o’clock,’ the principal emphasis is on the fact that I worked and the time is incidental additional information. But in the sentence Ichi-ji kara ni-ji made hataraite imashita ‘From 1 o’clock to 2 o’clock I was working,’ the emphasis, while perhaps really focused on the DURATIVE nature of the action, that is, on the word imashita, seems to be more on the time and what I was doing during the time.
The gerund is also used in certain phrases with other verbs:
歩いて行きます。
Aruite ikimasu.
He walks (He goes walking).
車に乗って来ます。
Kuruma ni notte kimasu.
He comes by car (riding in a car).
マイクをつれて行きましょうか。
Maiku o tsurete ikimashō ka.
Shall I bring Mike along (Shall I come bringing Mike)?
Notice that the gerund has no perfect, imperfect, or tentative meaning of its own but takes on the mood of the following (or final) verb.
旅行しています。
Ryokō shite imasu.
I am traveling.
旅行していました。
Ryokō shite imashita.
I was traveling.
旅行していましょう。
Ryokō shite imashō. СКАЧАТЬ