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СКАЧАТЬ that helped shape and sharpen my thoughts. At Oxford, Peter Turner read some draft chapters and offered numerous new insights, pushing me toward far greater clarity in my ideas. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the important exchanges of ideas and materials that I have had with Grigory Benevitch, Jean Gascou, Derek Krueger, Richard Price, and Eileen Rubery. Pauline Allen and Bronwen Neil, whose own works on the period provide much of the backbone for this book, were kind enough to read an earlier version for the University of California Press and offered important criticisms and corrections. At the press itself, I am much indebted to Eric Schmidt and Cindy Fulton for all their guidance and professionalism. Paul Psoinos was a model copy editor and saved me from many mistakes.

      I would also like to offer my sincere thanks to all those who have taken the time to teach me the numerous languages used in the period: at the RGS High Wycombe, Ian Wilson, Neil Cooper, Fran Webber and John Edwards; and, at Cambridge and Oxford, Erica Hunter, David Taylor, Tara Andrews, Theo Van Lint, and Jenny Cromwell.

      The book would not have been possible without the support of my family. Most of all, I thank my wife, Emma. The love, friendship, and happiness that she has brought to my life are the underpinning of the entire book. My brothers, Laurence and Richard, provided constant encouragement, and Richard read and corrected the entire manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Andrew and Barbara. The debt of gratitude that I owe them for their continuous love and support cannot be put into words. I dedicate this book to them.

      ABBREVIATIONS

      The abbreviations used throughout the notes and bibliography in this volume are as follows:

AB	Analecta Bollandiana
ACO	E. Schwartz, ed., Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum. 4 vols. in 14. Berlin and Leipzig, 1914–82.
ActaArch	Acta Archaeologica
AHC	Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum
AntAfr	Antiquités Africaines
AntTard	Antiquité Tardive
APB	Acta Patristica et Byzantina
BASOR	Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BBGG	Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata
BCH	Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
BHG	F. Halkin, ed. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca. 3rd ed. Subsidia Hagiographica 8a. Brussels, 1957.
BHL	Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina. 2 vols. Subsidia Hagiographica 6. Brussels, 1898–1901.
BMGS	Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
BSOAS	Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
ByzF	Byzantinische Forschungen
BZ	Byzantinische Zeitschrift
CCSG	Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca. Turnhout, 1977–.
CCSL	Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina. Turnhout, 1953–.
CIL	Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin, 1853–.
CPG	Clavis Patrum Graecorum. Turnhout, 1974–.
CQ	Classical Quarterly
CSEL	Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. Vienna, 1866–.
CSCO	Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Louvain, 1903–.
SA	Scriptores Arabici
SAe	Scriptores Aethiopici
SC	Scriptores Coptici
SI	Scriptores Iberici
SS	Scriptores Syri
DOP	Dumbarton Oaks Papers
EHR	English Historical Review
EME	Early Medieval Europe
ÉO	Échos d’Orient
GCS	Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte. Berlin, 1897–.
GOTR	Greek Orthodox Theological Review
GRBS	Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
HThR	Harvard Theological Review
ICS	Illinois Classical Studies
IEJ	Israel Exploration Journal
JAS	Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
JECS	Journal of Early Christian Studies
JEH	Journal of Ecclesiastical History
JHS	Journal of Hellenic Studies
JÖByz	Jahrbuch der Österrichischen Byzantinistik
JRS	Journal of Roman Studies
JSAI	Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
JThS	Journal of Theological Studies
LSJ	A Greek-English Lexicon. Ed. H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. 9th ed. Rev. H. S. Jones and R. MacKenzie, with supplement ed. E. A. Barber. Oxford, 1968.
MÉFR	Mélanges d’Archéologie et d’Histoire de l’École Française de Rome
MGH	Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Berlin and Munich, 1826–.
AA	Auctores Antiquissimi
SRM	Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum
OC	Oriens Christianus
OCP	Orientalia Christiana Periodica
OLP	Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica
OrSyr	L’Orient Syrien
P.Lond.	Greek Papyri in the British Museum. London, 1893–.
P&P	Past and Present
PBSR	Papers of the British School at Rome
PG	J.-P. Migne et al., eds. Patrologia Cursus Completus. Series Graeca. 161 vols. Paris, 1857–66.
PL	J.-P. Migne et al., eds. Patrologia Cursus Completus. Series Latina. 221 vols. Paris, 1844–1900.
PLRE	A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale, and J. Morris, eds. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. 3 vols. in 4. Cambridge, 1971–92.
PmbZ	R.-J. Lilie et al., eds. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. 16 vols. Berlin, 1998–2013.
PP	La Parola del Passato
PO	Patrologia Orientalis. Paris, 1904–.
RAC	Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana
RÉAug	Revue des Études Augustiniennes
RÉB	Revue des Études Byzantines
RÉG	Revue des Études Grecques
RHE	Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique
RN	Revue Numismatique
ROC	Revue de l’Orient Chrétien
RömHM	Römische Historische Mitteilungen
RQ	Römische Quartalschrift fürAltertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte
RSBN	Rivista di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici
RSR	Revue des Sciences Religieuses
S&C	Scrittura e Civiltà
SC	Sources Chrétiennes. Paris, 1942–.
SCO	Studi Classici e Orientali
SEJG	Sacris Erudiri
SH	Subsidia Hagiographica. Brussels, 1886–.
SicGymn	Siculorum Gymnasium
SP	Studia Patristica
ST	Studi e Testi. Vatican City, 1900–.
T&MByz	Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de Recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation Byzantines
ThLZ	Theologische Literaturzeitung
ThS	Theological Studies
TU	Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. Leipzig, 1882–.
VChr	Vigiliae Christianae
VetChr	Vetera Christianorum
ZAC	Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum
ZKG	Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte
ZPE	Zeitschrift fürPapyrologie und Epigraphik
ZSlPh	Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie

      Introduction

      In the course of the seventh century, the Eastern Roman empire underwent a profound transformation. As first the Persians and then the Muslims swept over and seized the valuable provinces of the Roman Near East, the inhabitants of the now reduced empire experimented with a series of structural and cultural changes that responded to the dramatic curtailment of Roman power. The structural elements of that change—that is, the series of administrative, economic, and military reforms imposed by the emperor Heraclius and his successors—are now for the most part well known; and aspects of the cultural change (in particular, the decline in secular literature, the explosion in anti-Jewish and apocalyptic texts, and the heightened interest in, or anxieties over, religious icons), have also occupied a prominent position within scholarship. Other elements within this cultural change, however—in particular, the debasement of monasticism as the guardian of ascetic virtue, the rise of the eucharist as the central, aggregating icon of the Christian faith, and the renegotiation of competing ascetical and СКАЧАТЬ