The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Getzel M. Cohen

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СКАЧАТЬ (Le monde hellénistique [Paris, 1969] 42).

      12. See also the discussion in the various articles published in Topoi 4/2 (1994); and L. Martinez-Sève, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, Supplément 5: 92–93.

      13. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW 78–79; Cary, Geographic Background 183 n. 1.

      14. See, for example, A. Goetze, JCS 7 (1953) 51–72; id., JCS 18 (1964) 114–19; W. W. Hallo, JCS 18 (1964) 57–88; A. L. Oppenheim, JCS 21 (1969) 238–54.

      15. On Emar see A. Finet in The Land of Israel: Crossroads of Civilizations, ed. E. Lipinski (Leuven, 1985) 27–38.

      16. Kessler, Untersuchungen 228–29; Graf in Ach. Hist. 8:180.

      17. See, for example, Syme, Anatolica 3–23; Graf in Ach. Hist. 8:180–81; Briant, Empire perse 369–373.

      18. DAE 67 = ArD 6; see Graf in Ach. Hist. 8:181; Briant, Empire perse 371.

      19. 16.1.27; on this road see Dillemann, Mésopotamie 133, 177.

      20. See W. H. Schoff, Parthian Stations by Isidore of Charax (Philadelphia, 1914); FGrH 781; M.-L. Chaumont, Syria 61 (1984) 63–107; Gawlikowski in GHPO 76–98.

      21. See especially Dillemann, Mésopotamie 132–92.

      22. See, for example, M. Gawlikowski, Iraq 58 (1996) 123–33; Briant in Ach. Hist. 6:77–79. It is probable that Ps.-Scylax (Periplus 102 = GGM 1:77) meant the Orontes when he referred to the Thapsakos River; see Müller’s discussion and Grainger, Seleukid Syria 17. If this is so, it would reflect the fact that the Orontes River valley was the beginning of the caravan route to the Euphrates crossing at Thapsakos.

      23. See also Briant in Ach. Hist. 6:77.

      24. Strabo 1.3.1; see A. B. Breebart, Mnemosyne 20 (1967) 422–31; Briant in Ach. Hist. 6:78–79.

      25. Xen. Anab. 1.4.11–17. On the itinerary of the 10,000 see, for example, Manfredi, La strada 95–149; F. Joannès, Pallas 43 (1995) 173–200; Lee, A Greek Army 18–42.

      26. See Strabo, who refers to the “old Zeugma” at Thapsakos (16.1.21–23).

      27. See Honigmann, RE s.v. “Syria,” esp. 1718; Dyer, Dict. Geog. s.v. “Syria.” See also J. Markwart (REArm [1966] 311): “Ammien, comme Strabon, entend par Assyrie, non pas un territoire determiné, mais l’ensemble, de Babylonie et d’Assyrie, au-delà de la frontière romaine, c’est-à-dire y compris la region de l’Euphrate (cf. liv. 23, ch. 2, 7, 3, 1, liv. 24, l.1).” On the origins and history of the terms “Syria” and “Assyria” see J. A. Tvedtnes, JNES 40 (1981) 139–40; and R. N. Frye, JNES 51 (1992) 281–85.

      28. CAH 7:184. For Hellenistic settlements on the banks of the Euphrates see, for example, Gaborit, Géographie historique 107–10.

      29. Note that a number of the ancient writers did not include Babylonia in Mesopotamia; see, for example, Strabo 16.1.21; Ptol. 5.18.1.

      30. Diod. 18.39.6, 19.27.4. For Babylonia from the late Achaemenid period to 301 B.C. see, for example, Kuhrt and Sherwin-White in Ach. Hist. 8:311–27. For the half century after the death of Alexander see especially Bosworth, Legacy esp. 1–64.

      31. E. M. Anson, Eumenes of Cardia 158, 164; Bosworth, Legacy 113.

      32. On the battle of Gabiene see, for example, Bosworth, Legacy 147–57 et passim; Billows, Antigonos 101–3, 317–18, et passim; and Anson, Eumenes 184–88 et passim.

      33. Billows, Antigonos 415.

      34. For the date see Bosworth, Legacy 219–25; cf. Billows, Antigonos 134 n. 67 (311 B.C.).

      35. For Antigonos’s campaign in Babylonia in 310–c. 308 B.C. see, for example, Mehl, Seleukos 129–34; P. Wheatley, JNES 61 (2002) 39–47; Schober, Untersuchungen 106–39; Boiy, Babylon 125–37; Capdetrey, Pouvoir 42. For the decade c. 319–309 B.C. see also BCHP 3 (“Diadochi Chronicle”) = ABC 10 and Van der Spek’s commentary.

      36. Billows, Antigonos 146–47; see also P. Bernard, BCH 114 (1990) 531; id., Topoi Supplément 1 (1997) 185–86 n. 181; see further EDESSA, n. 2.

      37. Briant in Religion 47; Billows, Antigonos 48.

      38. Billows, Antigonos 292–305; and Bernard, Topoi Supplément 1 (1997) 185 n. 181.

      39. Cohen, Settlements in Syria 21–28.

      40. See, for example, P. Clancier, Topoi 15 (2007) 41–46; Capdetrey, Pouvoir 25–38. For Hellenistic Babylonia see also www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/chron00.html and www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1297087/.

      41. Arr. 7.8.21, 7.19.3–4; see also Högemann, Alexander 48–52 et passim; Boiy, Babylon 104–17.

      42. Boiy, Babylon 125–34.

      43. Scharrer in West und Ost 95–128.

      44. See, for example, Joannès, Age of Empires 10–11; Boiy, Babylon passim; P. Clancier, Topoi 15 (2007) 21–74.

      45. P. Bernard, BCH 114 (1990) 532–36; Kuhrt and Sherwin-White in Ach. Hist. 8:321. Bactria and, possibly, elephants (the latter is restored) are also mentioned in BCHP₇ [ = ABC 13A] Obv. 14 (“Antiochus and India Chronicle”). Finally, BCHP 9 Rev. 8 (“End of Seleucus Chronicle”) also mentions Bactria. For the Seleucids in Babylonia see, especially, Van der Spek, Reallexikon s.vv. “Seleukiden, Seleukidenreich.”

      46. Le Rider, Suse 446–49; id. in Sociétés et compagnies 121–27. See also C. P. Jones, Tyche 7 (1992) 128; and Teixidor in Materialien 292.

      47. Rostovtzeff, Caravan Cities 25, 95; id., SEHHW 457–61.

      48. In the Aegean basin itself there is evidence attesting the presence of individuals from the Near East. For example, an inscription from the island of Andros in the Aegean, dated palaeographically to the third century B.C. (IG XII.5715 = I. Estremo Oriente 99), records a decree that honors a certain Dromon, son of Phanodemos, a Babylonian; see Appendix X. Other public documents from Delos and Delphi mention persons from Antioch and Laodikeia (presumably the Syrian cities), Sidon, Tyre, Beirut (I. Delos 2598) and Seleukeia on the Tigris (I. Delos 2429 and 2445; see also Klee, Gymnischen Agone 16 [Kos]). A Delphic proxenos decree honored Asklepiades, a Phoenician (SGDI 2589), while documents from Delos refer to Theokritos (IG XI.4 591.3) and Xenodemos (IG XI.4 633.3–4), both Syrians, as well as Hyspasinos/Hyspaisinos, a Bactrian (I. Delos 442.B.108, 1432.AaII.27).

      A number of individuals from SELEUKEIA on the Tigris are found taking part in agonistic contests or resident in various places in the Greek world—e.g., Athens (C. Habicht and S. V. Tracy, Hesperia 60 [1991] 188, col. I.6 [170/69 B.C.]), Lebedeia in Boeotia (S. N. Koumanoudes, Archaiologikon Deltion 26 [1971] 36 [second/first century B.C.]), Rhodes (C. P. Jones, Tyche 7 [1992] 124, l. A.18 [second/first century B.C.]), and Olympia (Eusebius Chron. I [ed Schoene, 1875] 212 [100 B.C.]). The Panathenaic victor lists from Hellenistic Athens include, for example, individuals from as far away as ANTIOCH near Daphne, LAODIKEIA by the Sea, LAODIKEIA in Phoenicia, ANTIOCH in Mygdonia (Nisibis), and SELEUKEIA on the Tigris, as well as persons from ANTIOCH on the Kydnos and ANTIOCH on the Pyramos in eastern Asia Minor. There is epigraphic evidence СКАЧАТЬ