Computing and the National Science Foundation, 1950-2016. William Aspray

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СКАЧАТЬ 13 10.1145/3336323.3336329 Chapter 5 10.1145/3336323.3336338 Appendixes 10.1145/3336323.3336330 Chapter 6 10.1145/3336323.3336339 Index/Bios 10.1145/3336323.3336331 Chapter 7

      A publication in the ACM Books series, #31

      Editor in Chief: Sanjiva Prasad, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Founding Editor: M. Tamer Özsu, University of Waterloo Area Editor: Thomas Misa, University of Minnesota

      This book was typeset in Arnhem Pro 10/14 and Flama using ZzT_EX.

      First Edition

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

       We dedicate this book to the thousands of NSF employees, past and present, and the hundreds of thousands of investigators, graduate students, educators, and reviewers who built and sustained what is often called the “gold standard” of peer-reviewed fundamental scientific research.

      Contents

       Preface

       PART I CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY

       Chapter 1 1950–1974: Science Information, Computing Facilities, Education, and Basic Research

       W. Richards Adrion

       1.1Science Information—1950s to 1980s

       1.2Filling the Demand for Computing Infrastructure

       1.3Computers in Education

       1.4Finding a Home for Computer Science Research

       1.5Summary and Conclusions

       Notes

       Chapter 2 1974–1986: CER, CSNET, NSFNET, and the Founding of CISE

       W. Richards Adrion

       2.1My Background and Perspective on the 1974–86 Period

       2.2Making the Case for NSF’s Computing Research Programs

       2.3The Importance of Computing Research and Infrastructure to the Nation

       2.4Computing and Information Research in NSF, 1974–1978

       2.5Funding the Innovators in Computer Science

       2.6Facilities

       2.7Cryptography and Interactions with the National Security Agency

       2.8The Computer Science Section, 1979–1984

       2.9Addressing the Need for Academic Experimental Computer Science

       2.10CSNET

       2.11The Office of Advanced Scientific Computing and NSFNET

       2.12The Beginning of CISE

       2.13Summary and Conclusions

       Notes

       Chapter 3 1986–1998: The New Directorate in a Period of Computer Science Expansion

       Peter A. Freeman

       3.1Initial Structure and Leadership of CISE: 1986–1987

       3.2Organizational Initiation

       3.3Initial Actions

       3.4Changes in CISE Leadership

       3.5Transition to Routine Operation

       3.6Analysis

       Notes

       Chapter 4 1999–2006: Broadening Computer Science with New Initiatives

       Peter A. Freeman

       4.1Ruzena Bajcsy (December 1998 to August 2001)

       4.2Peter Freeman (May 2002 to January 2007)

       4.3Closing Observations

       Notes

       Chapter 5 2007–2016: The Growing Centrality of CISE to NSF

       William Aspray

       5.1Deborah Crawford (Acting AD, Early 2007)

       5.2Jeannette Wing (AD, July 2007 to June 2010)

       5.3Peter Arzberger (Acting AD, 2010 and 2011)

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