The Handy Psychology Answer Book. Lisa J. Cohen

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      The first section of this book gives an overview of the fundamentals of psychology. We cover the history and pioneers of psychology, the major theoretical movements, the science of psychology, the brain and its relationship to behavior, and psychological development across the lifespan. These are the areas traditionally covered in textbooks. In the second half of the book we address how the scientific methods of psychology have been applied to questions of everyday life. Here we see how the science of psychology has immediate relevance to a broad spectrum of human activities. What can psychology tell us about love, marriage, family, and sexuality? What can psychology tell us about happiness or our relationship with money? Chapter 8 explores the psychology of the group and how group dynamics play out in the workplace, the public sphere, and in the problems of prejudice and racism. Chapters 9 through 11 look at abnormal psychology. Chapter 9 addresses clinical psychology, covering such topics as psychopathology, psychiatric diagnosis, psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication. Chapter 10 looks at the psychology of trauma, and Chapter 11 at forensic psychology, where psychology intersects with the law.

      CHANGES IN THE SECOND EDITION

      To keep up with the ever-changing field of psychology and to improve on limitations in the first edition, we have made extensive revisions in the second edition, with numerous sections updated, revised, and/or added. Although there are changes throughout the book, I will list some of the larger revisions here. In Chapter 2, we have expanded the section on neurobiological theories and research technology. The topic of brain and behavior is now covered in two chapters (Chapters 3 and 4), with more information on paleontology, early hominins, and Neanderthals. There are also new sections on emotions in animals and on cutting edge research on the neurobiology of emotions. Further, we’ve added more photographs and graphic images to help readers visualize the relevant sections of the brain. In Chapter 5, there are new sections on the relationship between adolescents and modern technology. In Chapter 6, the sections on sexuality, marriage, and family have been updated and expanded. Likewise, Chapter 7 has updated and expanded sections on happiness and optimism. Chapter 9 has updated sections on psychiatric diagnosis related to the publication of DSM-5. There are also new sections on autism and ADHD. Chapter 11 has a new section on cognition and the law, addressing how our inherent cognitive biases and emotional reactions can impede the smooth functioning of law enforcement.

      HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

      As part of the “Handy Answer Book” series, this book is structured in a question-and-answer format. Approximately 1,300 questions are answered with concise, one- to two-paragraph answers. Our goal is to break down complex topics into bite-size ideas. While the questions were carefully selected to create a narrative flow, this is also the kind of book that you can open at any point and browse. If you want, you can read the book from cover to cover, but you can also flip through to find questions of special interest to you.

      Although we want the reader to feel free to jump around, the nature of science is that it is cumulative. In other words, the most recent developments rest upon the shoulders of earlier work. Because of this, the sections in the second half of the book will sometimes refer to topics and people introduced in the first half of the book. If readers run across an unfamiliar idea, person, or issue, they can look the topic up in the index, which will then point them to other areas in the book where the issue is discussed.

      I have applied the same scientific standards when writing this book that I use when writing scientific articles for professional journals and have worked hard to only include conclusions that are supported by solid scientific references, preferably multiple references. In professional papers, sources are cited in the middle of the text, right where you are referencing them. While this practice is necessary for scientific accuracy, it does not make for easy reading. Therefore, we put the reference list at the back of the book. Readers who are interested in learning more about any particular area can look up the relevant references for more information.

      WHO IS THIS BOOK INTENDED FOR?

      As part of the “Handy Answer Book” series, this book is intended for the general public. Anyone who has a passing interest in psychology could pick up this book to learn more about the field. Did you study psychology in college and always maintained an interest in it? Have you had personal experience with psychological problems, either in yourself or in your family? Are you thinking you might like to pursue a career in the mental health field? Or do you just wonder about why people behave the way they do?

      Although this book is intended for the general public, it can also be used to supplement traditional textbooks. If you want a quick review on Attachment Theory or Behaviorism, if you want to remind yourself of the basics of brain–behavior relationships, or if you want a quick introduction to key psychological theories, this book can be helpful for you.

      Whatever your reasons for picking up this book, I hope that you can put it down with a better appreciation of just how fascinating psychology can be and how important to everyday life.

      INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY

      THE BASICS

      What is psychology?

      Psychology involves the systematic study of mind and behavior. This extremely broad topic covers questions of thought and emotion, normal and abnormal behavior, mental health and mental illness, the individual and the group, and people functioning in their everyday lives.

      How does psychology relate to everyday life?

      Psychology relates to every part of everyday life. The questions of psychology relate to how and why we love and suffer and desire, how we raise our children, how and why we succeed or fail at work. Psychology also relates to why we are so fascinated with celebrities and why their marriages so often fail. While the science of psychology may seem abstract at times, the implications touch every arena in which people think, feel, or act.

      How does psychology interact with biology and sociology?

      The human mind does not function in isolation. It exists within both a biological and a social context. Therefore psychology serves as an interface between biology, specifically the biology of the brain, and sociology, the study of the behavior of groups.

      What do psychologists do?

      Psychology is a remarkably СКАЧАТЬ