Испанский язык. Устные темы (A1-A2) 2-е изд., пер. и доп. Учебное пособие для академического бакалавриата. Анна Игоревна Комарова

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СКАЧАТЬ транспорт муаммосини ҳал қилишга катта ҳисса қўшилинган.

      Калит сўзлар: ГЭС, самарадорлик, сув ресурслари, электр энергияси, ирригация, дарё транспорти, рекреация.

      Аннотация. В статье рассматривается эффективность гидроэлектростанций. Была введена обратная связь по комплексному использованию водных ресурсов, и в то же время был внесен значительный вклад в решение транспортной проблемы в гидравлических контурах.

      Ключевые слова: ГЭС, эффективность, водные ресурсы, электроэнергия, орошение, речной транспорт, рекреация.

      Annotation. The article discusses the effectiveness of hydroelectric power plants. Feedback on the integrated use of Water Resources has been entered, and at the same time a significant contribution has been made to the solution of the transport problem in hydraulic circuits.

      Keywords: GES, efficiency, water resources, electricity, irrigation, river transport, recreation.

      The high efficiency of electricity generation at HPPs is determined by a number of factors, including:

      * Permanent restoration of natural resources;

      * High labor productivity when using;

      * Low cost of electricity produced at the HPP;

      * Integrated use of water resources for energy, irrigation, river transport, flood control, water supply, recreation and other purposes;

      · The presence of low etiology in relation to complex technological equipment.

      It is extremely important that the frequency of industrial damage arising from the use of hydroelectric power plants, including deaths, is significantly less compared to thermal power plants based on the amount of electricity produced in 1 kWh (taking into account fuel extraction and supply enterprises).

      The saving of labor resources when using hydroelectric power plants is due to the following, including:

      Incredibly high labor productivity compared to TEs;

      high level of production automation;

      the absence of labor costs for the extraction, supply, processing and disposal of fuel waste and, as a result, the number of working personnel used in the use of hydroelectric power plants will be approximately 12-15 times less than the number of working personnel at alternative facilities. The high economic efficiency of hydropower is due to the lack of a fuel component of electricity, slow wear of fixed assets, relatively low cost of wages, and the perfection of the technological process.

      Integrated use of water resources. In the hydropower industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the reconstruction of transport routes in river networks, irrigation, industrial and municipal water supply and the development of fisheries are of great importance due to the reduction of the risk of major floods.

      Integrated waterworks make a great contribution to solving the transport problem.

      Reservoirs that appear during the construction of hydroelectric power plants lead to the fact that large areas of land are covered with water. Hydroelectric power plants account for a total of 1.2 million tons of destructive floods in the republic. close to hectares, with advanced development, multi-million residents help to reliably protect residential areas, as well as solve complex social and environmental problems.

      1. Environmental problems

      Reducing air pollution, especially carbon oxides, and preventing the "greenhouse effect" on the planet have become one of the problems of universal scale. The Republic of Uzbekistan also contributes to their resolution. One of the ways to reduce emissions in the energy sector is to develop areas without carbon fuels. Hydropower is an absolutely clean direction in this regard. In 2020, the electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants allowed to reduce electricity emissions by a quarter.

      The technological process of hydropower production is environmentally hooligan. In the normal condition of the equipment, hydroelectric power plants practically do not emit harmful emissions into the environment. At the same time, the construction of hydropower facilities, in turn, will not show its impact on the environment.

      During the construction of hydropower facilities, there is a complex impact on the environment. Reservoirs have the most serious effect – their appearance affects the ecological balance of soils and biocenoses. The effects shown can be both positive and negative.

      The impact of reservoirs on the environment depends on their geographical location and categories (mountainous, foothill, plain), geological structure and hydrogeological determination of their banks with a channel, area, shape of appearance, size, depth of water discharge, system of use and other conditions.

      As a result of the positive influence of reservoirs as flow coordinators, it becomes important to prevent water shortages for agricultural crops in the summer.

      With the activation of natural processes in certain areas of the territories adjacent to them, after the creation of reservoirs, recreational changes occur in the landscapes, recreational zones and ecotourism are formed.

      It is possible to list the following other aspects of the impact of reservoirs on the environment.

      Floods in the upper part. In flooded areas, there is an increase in the groundwater level, and as a result, the land becomes swampy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

      Changes in coastal forms the process of coordinating the flow and the rise and fall of water levels in the reservoir, which occur with this ratio, cause changes in the shape of the bottom with the coastal relief, which, in turn, reduces the size of the reservoir, leading to the accumulation of various rocks in it, the appearance of underwater shoals and the appearance of

      Hydrological system. The process of reservoir construction and coordination of the water flow itself in the upper and lower parts of the basins causes changes in the gm hydrological system. Due to the expansion of the window area of the water surface, the volume of water evaporation increases sharply, resulting in the consumption of non-returnable water from the river. The hydrological system of the river is changing.

      Climatic conditions. Changes in the flow of water and air, the appearance of waterlogged soils, shallow areas, well warmed by the sun at a depth of 1-1.5 m of reservoirs, create specific climatic conditions.

      The influence of reservoirs on fauna (wildlife). All animals in the flood zone migrate to the territory marked by a high level. At the same time, their species composition and number are reduced in accordance with the rule. In some cases, reservoirs are the reason for the enrichment of fauna with new species of birds swimming in the water, fish and flora adapted to wet conditions.

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