Gothic Art. Victoria Charles

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      While little is known about the master builders of the Freiburg Cathedral, there is some information about those that built the Strasbourg Cathedral with its three-aisle structure. However, this only holds true after 1280, when Master Erwin (Erwin of Steinbach) began his work. Erwin is celebrated as the creator of the façade, the entire building‘s pièce de résistance. He was influenced significantly by the French Gothic, yet he far surpassed his models with courageous construction, as well as splendid and tasteful decoration. Although, after his death, his son Johannes continued the construction until 1339, Erwin’s plans only reached the completion of the second tier. This is why only the lower part of the façade constitutes a harmonious composition with its almost freely crafted, as it were, lace-covered tier and its unique rose window in the centre. The third tier began to deviate from Erwin’s plan, and by the time building of the northern tower commenced, it was all but forgotten. The latter eventually received its crowning finish from Master Johannes Hütz, who executed the groundbreaking stone pyramid between 1419 and 1439. It is an artwork in itself because it aims to shine intrinsically and because of the hitherto unheard-of audacity of construction, with which the master from Cologne far superseded Freiburg Cathedral. After that, construction of the cathedral slowly ground to a halt and no one ever dared to undertake the construction of a southern tower.

      The magnificent fortified abbey lies in the sandy bay of Mont-Saint-Michel, Normandy. Located on an island 160 metres above the sea, it rises above the entire landscape in a unique harmony with nature. At low tide it is even possible to reach the island on foot. The abbey was founded in 709 by the Bishop of Avranches, who was probably later canonised as St. Aubertus, after he had a vision of Archangel Michael at this spot. A single alley leads to the abbey church, which was begun 1022 in the Romanesque style. The construction was continuously enlarged with battlements, buttresses and encirclements until the 87m high belfry was finally added. In the thirteenth century the monks refashioned the three-tiered northern wing (1211–1228) called “La Merveille” in the Gothic style by adding 220 little polished granite pillars, sculptures and inscriptions. The dormitory lies on the upper floor; the splendid cloister, which is 25m long and 12m wide, is on the second floor. Both date back to the twelfth century, as do the refectory and the great hall. Mont-Saint-Michel is still a destination for pilgrims as it was a thousand years ago, and up to one million faithful and tourists are drawn there every year. Because of its unique beauty the entire island is considered to be the eighth wonder of the world and was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1984.

      22. Plan of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Amiens (France).

Notre-Dame Cathedral in Amiens

      The cathedrals of Reims and Amiens were intended to be the pinnacle of the French Gothic in terms of structural formation and decoration. They were supposed to surpass the human imagination of the time. Indeed, Amiens Cathedral features the longest nave in France. Romert de Luzarches was the first architect of the building and his name can be found in the medallion of the labyrinth, which was laid out in 1288. However, it is not certain how extensive his contribution to the execution really was, but, allegedly, all significant technical and stylistic innovations and rationalisations, such as iron reinforcing in the tracery and the serial preparation of repetitive elements, are ascribed to him. Most of the building was finished only by the end of the thirteenth century; the remaining work would continue for centuries. The southern tower, for example, was only completed in the nineteenth century by Viollet-le-Duc.

      Of particularly high artistic value are the cathedral’s sculptures, especially the Vierge dorée (the golden virgin) located at the trumeau of the southern portal, and the Beau Dieu (The Beautiful God). Both rank among the most remarkable masterpieces of the thirteenth century.

Notre-Dame Cathedral in Chartres

      Chartres Cathedral is one of French Gothic’s most beautiful monuments. It is 130m long, has 37m high rib vaulting, an old tower, 105m high, dating from the twelfth century, and a newer 115m high tower from the sixteenth century. Thanks to the new building technology of buttresses, the walls could be relieved of their supporting function and no longer had to consist of massive masonry. Thus the large, colourful window panes (often in the famous Chartres blue) and rose windows could punctuate them. Discarding the second gallery and retaining the triforium resulted in yet another simple three-tier structure.

      At least five churches, all of which burnt to the ground, had previously stood in the same place. In 1194 the older cathedral, which is stricter in its details, was begun on the foundations of an earlier basilica. Finished in 1233, but consecrated only in 1260 in the presence of Louis IX, СКАЧАТЬ