DC Microgrids. Группа авторов

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      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Unipolar DC microgrid architecture diagram.Figure 1.2 (a) Pole - Pole fault in a bipolar DC bus, (b) an equivalent circuit ...Figure 1.3 Short-circuit fault current in DC system standard approximation.Figure 1.4 V-I curve of CPLs (Negative impedance characteristic of CPL).Figure 1.5 Z-source breaker designs (a) classic design, (b) series connected des...Figure 1.6 Hybrid circuit breaker with forced commutation circuit [126].Figure 1.7 Simple SSCB assembly is composed of an IGBT [118].Figure 1.8 Solid state current interrupter [84].

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Simple representation of DC MGs.Figure 2.2 Classification of DC MG control strategies.Figure 2.3 Centralized control strategy.Figure 2.4 Decentralized strategy.Figure 2.5 Distributed strategy.Figure 2.6 Higher-level control strategy.Figure 2.7 Droop control characteristics for DC MGs.Figure 2.8 Improved droop control characteristics for DC MGs.Figure 2.9 Droop control algorithm for DC MGs.Figure 2.10 Timing diagram for three levels.Figure 2.11 Three-level control strategy.Figure 2.12 Control loop for a solar system in DC MGs.Figure 2.13 Control loop for wind energy system in DC MGs.Figure 2.14 Control loop for fuel cells in DC MGs.Figure 2.15 Control loop for battery-based storage systems in DC MGs.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Constant power load characteristics.Figure 3.2 Internal circuit diagram of the PPU.Figure 3.3 PPU equivalent circuit during fault.Figure 3.4 DC MGs equivalent circuit.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Typical EMS architecture.Figure 4.2 Power forecast from the solar farm.Figure 4.3 Power output forecast from the wind farm.Figure 4.4 Cost of power for transaction with the utility.Figure 4.5 Step-by-step pseudocode lines of GA.Figure 4.6 Flowchart of heuristic based Genetic Algorithm.Figure 4.7 Step-by-step pseudocode lines of PSA.Figure 4.8 Flowchart of heuristic-based Pattern Search Algorithm.Figure 4.9 Single-line diagram of 380V DC Microgrid.Figure 4.10 Load demand of the microgrid.Figure 4.11 Power transaction from/to utility using GA and PSA.Figure 4.12 Economic dispatch of DERs using GA.Figure 4.13 Economic dispatch of DERs using PSA.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Management in microgrid.Figure 5.2 Various approaches for EMS.Figure 5.3 Residential microgrid.Figure 5.4 Day-ahead PV power generation and load demand.Figure 5.5 Hourly energy price of the grid and natural gas.Figure 5.6 Day operating cost with respect to day initial charging level of BESS...Figure 5.7 Hourly OC for 20% day initial charging level of BESS.Figure 5.8 Hourly OC for 100% day initial charging level of BESS.Figure 5.9 Hourly SOC of BESS in ISM for various day initial charging level.Figure 5.10 Hourly SOC of BESS in GCM for various day initial charging level.Figure 5.11 Hourly power sharing in ISM for 20% day initial charging level.Figure 5.12 Hourly power sharing in GCM for 20% day initial charging level.Figure 5.13 Day operating cost with respect to capacity of BESS.Figure 5.14 Cost with respect to capacity of BESS.

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Trends in production of energy by non-renewable in India. Source: [2]...Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of a DC microgrid.Figure 6.3 Schematic of hybrid renewable energy system.Figure 6.4 A schematic of methodology adopted.Figure 6.5 Schematic of ANN architecture.Figure 6.6 The proposed architecture of the artificial neural network.Figure 6.7 Training data regression plot for the superlative architecture 5/48/1...Figure 6.8 (a-d). Derived discharge series at Sundri site.Figure 6.9 Discharge flow curve with percentile dependability.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Residential/Commercial DC microgrid structure.Figure 7.2 DC bus Equivalent Thevenin Circuit (Reprinted with permission from 50...Figure 7.3 Converter static behavior considering the line resistance effect.Figure 7.4 Approaches for ps and cs, DC bus voltage restoration.Figure 7.5 Secondary control implementation in the embedded local controller.Figure 7.6 Implementation of consensus-based secondary control on local control.Figure 7.7 Hybrid secondary control diagram (Reprinted with permission from 5052...Figure 7.8 Fully connected communication network (Adapted from [8] and reprinted...Figure 7.9 δRd (t) Convergence (Reprinted with permission from 5052471151140/IEE...Figure 7.10 δRd (t) Convergence under communication delays (Reprinted with permi...Figure 7.11 Closed-loop secondary control diagram (Reprinted with permission fro...Figure 7.12 Output signals from the complete μG model and the stability analysis...Figure 7.13 Closed-loop root locus under parameter variations (Reprinted with pe...Figure 7.14 Simulated and experimental system used for performance validation.Figure 7.15 Experimental setup.Figure 7.16 Simulation results considering load disturbances and communication f...Figure 7.17 Experimental result with load disturbances and communication failure...Figure 7.18 Simulation results considering constant power loads and communicatio...Figure 7.19 Unique vs control diagram (Adapted from [7] and reprinted with permi...Figure 7.20 Assessment of the power sharing behavior. In (a) and (b),

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 DC microgrid.Figure 8.2 Annals of publication on the modeling of DC-DC converter.Figure 8.3 Different analysis derived from modeling techniques.Figure 8.4 Positions of СКАЧАТЬ