The Sociology of Slavery. Orlando Patterson

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      173 173. Tadman, op. cit., pp. 1538, 1543.

      174 174. See George Roberts, 1957, The Population of Jamaica, Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–5.

      175 175. Thomas J. Marchione, 1980, ‘A History of Breast-Feeding Practices in the English-Speaking Caribbean in the Twentieth Century’, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2, The United Nations University, pp. 1–11.

      176 176. The striking differences in the demographic patterns of North America and the West Indies were remarked on from the late 18th century and used in abolitionist advocacy. See B. W. Higman, 1984, Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834, pp. 305–6. It was noted by W. E. B. DuBois in his Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880, Russell & Russell (1935), p. 4. Philip Curtin drew closer attention to it in his 1969 work, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 88–91; as did Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman in their 1974 study, Time on the Cross,W.W. Norton, p. 25.

      177 177. The question of the demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa is a thorny one, which this argument carefully avoids. See Patrick Manning, ‘The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System’, in J. I. Inikori and S. Engerman, eds, 1992, The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas and Europe, Duke University Press, pp. 117–41.

      178 178. On which, see Alan S. Rosenbaum, ed., 1996, Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, Westview Press. And more recently Donald Bloxham and Dirk Moses, eds, 2010, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, Oxford University Press, especially parts 3 and 4.

      179 179. A. Dirk Moses, 2008, ‘The Fate of Blacks and Jews: A Response to Jeffrey Herf’, Journal of Genocide Research,Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 275.

      180 180. Jeffrey Herf, ‘Comparative Perspectives on Anti-Semitism, Radical Anti-Semitism in the Holocaust and American White Racism’, Journal of Genocide Research, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2007, pp. 575–600; Seymour Drescher, ‘The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Holocaust: A Comparative Analysis’, in Rosenbaum, op. cit., pp. 65–85.

      181 181. Marion A. Kaplan, 1998, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany, p. 288. See also pp. 5, 9, 34–6, 150–60, 166, 173–9, 184–200, 299.

      182 182. Daniel J. Goldhagen, 1997, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, Knopf, pp. 168–9.

      183 183. Claudia Card, 2003, ‘Genocide and Social Death’, Hypatia, Vol. 18, No. 1, Feminist Philosophy and the Problem of Evil, pp. 63–79.

      184 184. Card, ibid., p. 63.

      185 185. A. Dirk Moses, ‘Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide’, in Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, pp. 21, 25.

      186 186. Ibid., p. 21.

      187 187. James M. Phillippo, 1843, Jamaica: Its Past and Present State, James M. Campbell & Co. p. 95. He also notes that ‘suicide was awfully prevalent’, p. 97.

      188 188. The term was coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 study, Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection, Roman & Allanfield. It was estimated at 100 million by the Economist in 2010 and by Nobel laureate economist Amartya Sen at 117 million in 2015. https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/4182-amartya-sen-suggests-solutions-to-gendercide; Economist, 6th March 2010: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/03/04/gendercide.Note that the term refers to ‘the deliberate extermination of persons of a particular sex (or gender)’ and includes males, as in the Serbian sex-selective massacre of ethnic-Albanian men in 1999, or the Stalinist purges. However, my focus is on female gendercide, which more approximates the genocidal missing bodies of Jamaican slave society, since the vast majority of the 117 female victims of gendercide are ‘missing’ persons not allowed an existence because of their gender.

      189 189. Mary Ann Warren, Gendercide, cited in Adam Jones, 2000, ‘Gendercide and Genocide’, Journal of Genocide Research,Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 185–211.

      190 190. Dan Stone, ‘Genocide and Memory’, in Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, pp. 102, 114.

      191 191. Sharpe was proclaimed a National Hero of Jamaica in 1975. A Teacher’s College in Montego Bay is named after him, and a memorial erected in that city, the main urban site of the revolution, in his honor. His image graces the Jamaican $50 bill.

      192 192. Emancipation Day 2021 Message by Prime Minister, the Most Honorable Andrew Holness, ON, PC, MP, 1st August 2021. Jamaica Information Service. https://jis.gov.jm/speeches/emancipation-day-2021-message-by-prime-minister-the-most-hon-andrew-holness-on-pc-mp/

      193 193. The U.N. Global Study of Homicide, 2019.

      194 194. Ian Thomson, 2011, The Dead Yard: A Story of Modern Jamaica, Nation Books.

      195 195. For a more historically grounded reflection on the historical roots of contemporary violence in Jamaica, see Michele Lemonius, 2017, ‘Deviously Ingenious’: British Colonialism in Jamaica’, Peace Research, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 79–103.

      196 196. Dan Stone, op. cit., p. 115.

      197 197. I echo here Hannah Arendt, 1963, New Yorker essay, ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil’, by which she meant the normalization of wickedness, which is about as apt a description of Jamaican slave society as I can think of.

      198 198. Orlando Patterson, 1972, Die the Long Day, William Morrow.

PREFACE

      JAMAICA, and the other West Indian Islands, are unique in World history in that they present one of the rare cases of a human society being artificially created for the satisfaction of one clearly defined goal: that of making money through the production of sugar. In 1655 both the British masters and their slaves, who were later to come in such vast numbers, were total strangers to the land upon which they were destined to build a completely new society. The vast majority of the people who were to mould this society came against their will. This was true not only of the slaves, but of the large numbers of Irish, Welsh, Scots and English, who, coming originally as indentured servants and, later, under the pressure of economic deprivation, were as much the victims of the capitalist exploiters of England as were the bewildered tribesmen of Africa whose labour they were to supervise.

And of those whites who came to the colony with the high hopes of quickly making their fortunes and returning home many indeed were to spend the rest of their days bemoaning their foolhardiness. For Jamaican slave society was no place for the poor, ambitious pioneer. After the first fifty hectic years of indecision during which an unscrupulous few may have fulfilled their dreams, Jamaica developed into what it would remain for the rest of the period of slavery: a monstrous distortion of human society. It was not just the physical cruelty of the system that made it so perverse, for in this the society was hardly unique. What marks it out is the astonishing neglect and distortion of almost every one of the basic prerequisites of normal human living. This was a society in which clergymen were the ‘most finished debauchees’ in the land; in which the institution of marriage was officially condemned among both masters and slaves; in which the family was unthinkable to the vast majority of the population and promiscuity the norm; СКАЧАТЬ