Thermal Food Engineering Operations. NITIN KUMAR

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      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Applications of Infrared heating: [1].Table 1.2 List of some techniques combined with microwave technology.

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Application of thermal techniques in food industry.

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Application of different blanching methods for processing of agricultu...Table 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of different blanching methods.Table 3.3 Application of novel thermal pasteurization techniques for the process...Table 3.4 Sterilization methods and their application in food.

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 History of aseptic processing and packaging.Table 4.2 D value for acidic and non-acidic foods.Table 4.3 Methods for the sterilization/decontamination of the packaging materia...Table 4.4 Methods for sterilization/decontamination of packaging materials.Table 4.5 Types of food processed and packed under UHT/Aseptic Condition [14].

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Application of spray drying for encapsulation of various bio-active co...

      6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Typical air velocity needed for fluidization of different sized partic...Table 7.2 Comparison of fluidized beds, spouted beds and spout fluidized beds.Table 7.3 Application of fluidized bed drying in different drying studies.

      7 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Energy consumption of refractance window in comparison with other drye...Table 9.2 Energy efficiency of refractance dryer when compared to other dryers [...Table 9.3 Color measurements of asparagus dried using five drying techniques [8]...Table 9.4 Color analysis for mammee apple pulp after drying using RW drying tech...Table 9.5 Carotene loss for the different drying methods [12, 17].

      8 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Application and effects of ohmic heating on quality attributes of dif...Table 10.2 Effect of ohmic heating on viablity of microorganisms in different fo...

      9 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Form factor b and internal electric field for some simple geometrical...

      10 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Emissivity of different materials.Table 12.2 Performance characteristics of infrared emitters.Table 12.3 The depth of penetration of near-infrared rays into some food product...

      11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Comparison of RF heating with conventional and other electromagnetic ...Table 13.2 Application of radiofrequency for disinfestations, thawing, drying an...Table 13.3 Applications of radiofrequency in industrial application for bacteria...

      12 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Regional effects of food quality and safety (Source: WHO).Table 14.2 Region-wise average annual growth rate of consumer spending on eating...Table 14.3 Ranking of countries with largest food and beverages market (Source: ...Table 14.4 Comparison of targeted and non-targeted analyses.Table 14.5 Food security score of select countries (Source: Economist Intelligen...Table 14.6 Codex timelines (Source: FAO).Table 14.7 List of food safety standards implemented across the global food indu...

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Illustration of radiofrequency heating [25].Figure 1.2 Circuit diagram of static (batch type) resistance heating process [46...

      2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Combined Infrared and hot air system [56].Figure 3.2 Microwave-assisted thermal pasteurization system [145].Figure 3.3 Diagram showing components of microwave-assisted thermal sterilizatio...

      3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Aseptic processing and packaging system.Figure 4.2 Death rate curve for microbial population [3].Figure 4.3 z values at different temperatures and D values [3].Figure 4.4 (a) Plate heat exchanger, (b) shell and tube heat exchanger, (c) scra...Figure 4.5 (a) Steam Injection system, (b-1) Steam Infusion Vaction^™ PumpIn tank...Figure 4.6 UHT process with heating by direct steam injection combined with plat...

      4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of the droplet drying process.Figure 5.2 Schematic diagram of a spray dryer and drying process.Figure 5.3 Classification of spray dryer.Figure 5.4 Different morphologies due to bubble inflation during spray drying.

      5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Photograph of solar collector and dryer [35].Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of the components of the integrated solar dryer sys...Figure 6.3 The forced convective solar dryer implemented in Marrakech [44].Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the new mixed solar dryer [47].Figure 6.5 Experimental setup of solar PV operated the greenhouse dryer for dryi...Figure 6.6 Dryers and drying modes and classification.

      6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 A typical fluidized bed dryer.Figure 7.2 (a) Continuous plug flow and (b) Continuous well-mixed fluidized bed ...Figure 7.3 (a) A Conventional SBD, (b) a typical spouted bed dryer with draft tu...Figure 7.4 Different configuration of spout fluidized bed dryer: (a) pseudo 2D (...Figure 7.5 Microwave-assisted [29].Figure 7.6 FIR-assisted FBD [29].Figure 7.7 Heat pump–assisted FBD; reprint from [33].Figure 7.8 Solar-assisted FBD; reprint from [36].Figure 7.9 Different view of a typical vibrated FBD; courtesy of [38].Figure 7.10 A typical agitated FBD [38].Figure 7.11 (a) Side view and (b) top view of a typical centrifugal fluidized be...

      7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Dispersive adhesion.Figure 8.2 Desiccant drying motor, source: [17].Figure 8.3 Desiccant food drying system with temperature and airflow control 1. ...Figure 8.4 Flowchart of control algorithm, source: [17].Figure 8.5 Humidity and temperature variation with no temperature and airflow co...Figure 8.6 Humidity and temperature change with respect to time under controlled...Figure 8.7 Schematic illustration of heat pump dehumidifier dryer, source: [26].Figure 8.8 Mollier chart representing thermodynamic cycle for the air stream, so...

      8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Schematic drawing of refractance window dryer. Adapted from reference...Plate 9.1 Refractance window dryer. Adapted from MCD Technologies Inc.Figure 9.2 (a-d) Illustration of the principle of operation of refractance windo...Figure 9.3 Drying kinetics (a) water-plastic-air represents the dryer without th...Figure 9.4 Typical temperature profiles in a refractance. Adapted from reference...Plate 9.2 Comparison of color preservation on potato and carrot flakes by RW dry...Figure 9.5 Layout of a refractance window evaporator. Adapted from reference [45...

      9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic diagram of the principle of ohmic heating.Figure 10.2 Different electrode configurations: (a) Batch, (b) Transverse, (c) C...

      10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Propagation of a plane EM wave in a lossy material.Figure 11.2 (a) Variation of dielectric permittivity of an isolated water molecu...Figure 11.3 Variation of the dielectric properties of two varieties of onions as...

      11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Electromagnetic spectrum.Figure 12.2 Artificial source of IR radiations.Figure 12.3 Factors associated with the extent of IR energy absorbed from total ...

      12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic circuit diagram of arrangement for dielectric heating of f...

      13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Contributors to food quality.Figure 14.2 Per capita GDP of 2019 versus food quality and safety rating of sele...Figure 14.3 Rice mixed with plastic [(1) As seen by naked eye (2) As captured by...Figure 14.4 Expected growth of AI in food and beverages market during 2019–24. (...

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