Gas Insulated Substations. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ used for PD detection in GIS...Figure 4.3 Indoor local control cabinetFigure 4.4 Outdoor local control cabinetFigure 4.5 Mimic diagramFigure 4.6 Local control cabinet, door open viewFigure 4.7 Local control cabinet, cable termination viewFigure 4.8 IEC 61850 relation to other IEC standardsFigure 4.9 Complex functions to be transferred in core pieces of logical nod...Figure 4.10 Logical nodes of a GIS bayFigure 4.11 Location of control and communication devices of GIS (Example 1)...Figure 4.12 Typical example of a communication network inside a GISFigure 4.13 Opening/closing command to intelligent switchgearFigure 4.14 Calculation of intelligent switchgear operating timesFigure 4.15 Measurement of the operating timeFigure 4.16 Timing of opening/closing command to intelligent switchgear [7]...Figure 4.17 Opening operation of an intelligent circuit breaker [7]Figure 4.18 Closing operation of an intelligent circuit breaker [7]

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Overview of dielectric tests for GIS [1, 6]Figure 5.2 Example of a dielectric type test of a GISFigure 5.3 Test setup for the temperature rise test: (left) thermocouples ar...Figure 5.4 Generator for short‐circuit testingFigure 5.5 SF₆ tightness testFigure 5.6 Low‐ and high‐temperature test in a climate chamberFigure 5.7 Pressure coordination of enclosures and pressure‐relief device [1...Figure 5.8 Leakage test as part of routine testingFigure 5.9 Pressure and tightness test of cast aluminum enclosuresFigure 5.10 Accumulation‐type test using plastic sheets or bagsFigure 5.11 Dimensional clearances during high‐voltage AC withstand tests...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Example site survey sketch (for illustration only)Figure 6.2 Conex boxFigure 6.3 Gas bus off‐loading and storage for large amounts of SF₆ Figure 6.4 GIS crates and bushings storage on siteFigure 6.5 Gas weight record and sketchFigure 6.6 SF₆ project gas inventoryFigure 6.7 Bolt head marked as torque checkedFigure 6.8 GIS assembly moved into place by mobile craneFigure 6.9 GIS breaker moved into place by building bridge craneFigure 6.10 GIS breaker slide into position on roller pads using come‐alongs...Figure 6.11 Gas cart for vacuum and filling GISFigure 6.12 Typical vacuum manifoldFigure 6.13 Vacuum rise testFigure 6.14 Gas zone processing tagsFigure 6.15 Example of tagged gas zone adjacent to the valveFigure 6.16 Assembly of GIS circuit breakersFigure 6.17 Assembly of the bus barFigure 6.18 Assembly of voltage transformersFigure 6.19 Cable termination to the GISFigure 6.20 GIS connection to the overhead lineFigure 6.21 Example of gas zone barrier insulator location (dark band)Figure 6.22 One example a GIS disconnect lockout methodFigure 6.23 One example a GIS disconnect lockout methodFigure 6.24 Flange gas leakage testFigure 6.25 Gas zone leakage detectorsFigure 6.26 SF₆ gas analyzerFigure 6.27 Circuit breaker stroke measurementFigure 6.28 Circuit breaker timing equipmentFigure 6.29 Resonance high‐voltage test equipmentFigure 6.30 Tool rack (above framed one line and gas zone drawings)

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 GIS circuit breakerFigure 7.2 Circuit breaker mechanism control cabinetFigure 7.3 GIS disconnect switchesFigure 7.4 GIS ganged disconnect switchFigure 7.5 Disconnect motor operator isolation switchFigure 7.6 Switch position indicator – semaphoreFigure 7.7 Switch position indicator – targetFigure 7.8 Switch position indicator – stopsFigure 7.9 GIS ground switchFigure 7.10 GIS fast acting ground switchFigure 7.11 GIS inductive voltage transformerFigure 7.12 GIS inductive current transformers in circuit breaker bushing tu...Figure 7.13 GIS viewports – AFigure 7.14 GIS viewports – B with coversFigure 7.15 Gas density monitor and fill valveFigure 7.16 GIS gas density monitorFigure 7.17 GIS gas fill valveFigure 7.18 GIS pressure reliefFigure 7.19 Local control cabinet – outdoorFigure 7.20 Local control cabinet – indoorFigure 7.21 Gas zone schematic exampleFigure 7.22 GIS leak detection using liquid snoopFigure 7.23 Leaky bushing repair (a) – cast bushing fitting (b) – enclosure ...Figure 7.24 Interface between two GIS of different sizes: old GIS (right), n...Figure 7.25 X‐ray radiography example of an existing GIS at the interface lo...Figure 7.26 Typical life cycle behavior of GIS equipmentFigure 7.27 Old GIS from the first‐generation design in the 1960sFigure 7.28 New‐generation design of todayFigure 7.29 Maximum protection from touching high‐voltage parts by grounded ...Figure 7.30 Latest design of compact design GIS with operation drives and ga...Figure 7.31 Extension of an existing GIS with one three‐phase bay of an indo...Figure 7.32 Extension of an existing GIS with one three‐phase bay of an outd...Figure 7.33 Old GIS beaker replacement: (left) before and (right) afterFigure 7.34 Replacement of old voltage transformers: (left) CCVT and (right)...Figure 7.35 Relationship between the rated maximum temperature (T), I ² R lo...Figure 7.36 Relationship between exponential heating and the overload, rated...Figure 7.37 Direct transformer connection photo 1 substation overview, photo...Figure 7.38 Project planningFigure 7.39 Electrical configuration before the faultFigure 7.40 Fault damage at the time of cable energizationFigure 7.41 Left photo: outer enclosure; right photo: arc damage at the cond...Figure 7.42 Tag line – correct bus rigging using tag lines and support perso...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Single bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.2 Double bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.3 Ring bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.4 Typical H‐scheme (H5) arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.5 Breaker and a half arrangement single‐phase insulatedFigure 8.6 Layout of the 500 kV GIS and control buildingFigure 8.7 Overview of the electrical layout 500 kV GIS/115 kV AISFigure 8.8 Physical arrangement of the 500 kV GISFigure 8.9 Electrical layout of the 115 kV breaker and half arrangement, sim...Figure 8.10 Physical layout of the 115 kV breaker and half arrangement subst...Figure 8.11 Gas zone scheme, simplifiedFigure 8.12 Typical gas filling pressure of the different GIS compartments...Figure 8.13 View into the GIS hall with breaker and half schemeFigure 8.14 View of the GIS lightweight, low‐cost design buildingFigure 8.15 Wall penetration by buses for connection to overhead lines by SFFigure 8.16 Wall penetrations and cable potheads with surge arresters on the...Figure 8.17 Connection of overhead line to the GIS through SF₆ gas‐to‐air bu...Figure 8.18 Local control cabinetsFigure 8.19 Bird’s eye view of the 345 kV GISFigure 8.20 View into the 345 kV GIS buildingFigure 8.21 Front view of the 345 kV GIS bays including cubicle of the circu...Figure 8.22 Local control cabinet (LCC) in a separate control room for the 3...Figure 8.23 Local control cabinet (LCC) internal for the 345 kV GISFigure 8.24 Electrical layout shown by the gas compartment schematic, simpli...Figure 8.25 Physical layout of the 69 kV GIS equipment, simplifiedFigure 8.26 Side views of three different bay arrangements, simplifiedFigure 8.27 View of the one‐bay 69 kV GIS, principle designFigure 8.28 Local control cabinetFigure 8.29 Substation building for GIS in a residential areaFigure 8.30 One‐line schematic showing the electrical ring bus switching sch...Figure 8.31 Old 115 kV substation before replacementFigure 8.32 The 115 kV GIS container installationFigure 8.33 View inside the container with the GIS on the left and the LCCs ...Figure 8.34 View of the 115 kV GIS container and the transformerFigure 8.35 View of the 115 kV GIS substation from the streetFigure 8.36 View of 115 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.37 Electrical single‐line scheme of the 345 kV indoor GISFigure 8.38 Top view of the GIS, transformer, and cable connection arrangeme...Figure 8.39 View into the GIS hallFigure 8.40 View at wall bushings on the steel supportFigure 8.41 View of the walkway and local control cabinets in front of the G...Figure 8.42 View from the rear side of the GIS with directly connected cable...Figure 8.43 Outside view of the GIS buildingFigure 8.44 The 115 kV indoor GIS layoutFigure 8.45 Masonry construction type building of the 115 kV GISFigure 8.46 Side view of three different baysFigure 8.47 View into the 115 kV GIS buildingFigure 8.48 View of the 115 kV GIS inside the buildingFigure 8.49 View of the medium voltage 25 kV GIS and 115/25 kV transformer b...Figure 8.50 Total view of the 115 kV/12 kV indoor GISFigure 8.51 Overview of the single‐line diagram of the 69 kV indoor GISFigure 8.52 Top view of the 69 kV indoor GIS assemblyFigure 8.53 Side view of the 69 kV indoor GIS assemblyFigure 8.54 Single bay GIS with vertical three‐phase circuit breaker enclosu...Figure 8.55 View of 69 kV indoor GIS assembly with vertical three‐phase insu...Figure 8.56 One‐line diagram of the 138 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.57 Electrical layout of the 230 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.58 Typical layout of 138/230 kV GIS to transformer connection with ...Figure 8.59 Side view of the substation with the 138 kV GISFigure 8.60 Electrical layout of the 500 kV single‐phase encapsulated GIS, s...Figure 8.61 Physical layout of the 500 kV indoor GISFigure 8.62 Graphical view of the extension of one manufacturer’s old‐genera...Figure 8.63 Photographs of the extension of one manufacturer’s old‐generatio...Figure 8.64 Graphical view of the extension of an old‐generation GIS with a ...Figure 8.65 Photographs of the extension of an old‐generation СКАЧАТЬ