Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems. Группа авторов
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      Source: Baruah et al. [73] / with permission of IEEE.

      The standard IEEE C57‐104 is dedicated to MO whereas the standard IEEE C57‐155 is about Interpretation of Gases Generated in Natural Ester and Synthetic Ester‐Immersed Transformers. As all the gas ratio techniques are elaborated in IEEE C57‐104, it is used for analysis. The Duval Triangle method is mentioned as per IEEE C57‐155 and it is used with regards to the stray gassing phenomenon in natural esters under the effect of the thermal stress.

      2.6.1 Standard Gas Ratios

      There are several methods to infer the DGA results of a transformer, with some of them listed below. The most important hydrocarbon gases are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), hydrogen (H2), ethylene (C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2). These gases are taken into consideration when analyzing the gas ratios in IEC, Rogers, Doernenburg, and Duval’s triangle methods. All these gas ratio methods indicate the types of faults likely to occur in a transformer after the oils are subjected to thermal or electrical stress. The five gas ratios according to standard are: Ratio 1 (R1) = CH4/H2, Ratio 2 (R2) = C2H2/C2H4, Ratio 3 (R3) = C2H2/CH4, Ratio 4 (R4) = C2H6/C2H2, and Ratio 5 (R5) = C2H4/C2H6.

      2.6.1.1 IEC Gas Ratios

      2.6.1.2 Doernenburg Ratio Method

Gas ratio Value Code
R2 = C2H2/C2H4 R2 < 0.1 0
0.1≤ R2 ≤ 3 1
R2 > 3 2
R1 = CH4/H2 R1 < 0.1 1
0.1≤ R1 ≤ 1 0
R1 > 1 2
R5 = C2H4/C2H6 R5 < 1 0
1≤ R5 ≤ 3 1
R5 > 3 2
No. Type of fault Code
R2 R1 R5
1 No fault 0 0 0
2 Partial Discharge with low energy density 0 1 0
3 Partial Discharge with high energy density 1 1 0
4 Discharge (arc) with low energy 1→2 0 1→2
5 Discharge (arc) with high energy 1 0 2
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