Flight Theory and Aerodynamics. Joseph R. Badick

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      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Pressure distribution on an airfoil with AOA.Figure 4.2 Critical angle of attack, stall, and angle of attack indications....Figure 4.3 Boundary layer composition.Figure 4.4 Laminar boundary layer.Figure 4.5 Turbulent boundary layer.Figure 4.6 Laminar and turbulent velocity profiles.Figure 4.7 Reynolds number effect on airflow on a smooth flat plate.Figure 4.8 Adverse pressure gradient.Figure 4.9 Airflow separation velocity profiles.Figure 4.10 Sphere wake drag: (a) smooth sphere, (b) rough sphere.Figure 4.11 Critical angle of attack and stall.Figure 4.12 C_L vs. AOA for a symmetrical airfoil.Figure 4.13 C_L vs. AOA for a cambered airfoil.Figure 4.14 Thickness effect.Figure 4.15 Camber effect.Figure 4.16 High‐C_L devices.Figure 4.17 Common leading edge high‐C_L devices.Figure 4.18 Effect of a camber changer on the C_L–α curve.Figure 4.19 Micro‐vortex generators.Figure 4.20 Fixed slot at (a) low AOA and (b) high AOA.Figure 4.21 Effect of an energy adder on the C_L–α curve.Figure 4.22 Effect of ice and frost on wings.Figure 4.23 Forces in a banked turn.Figure 4.24 Force vectors during a stabilized climb.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Wing planform examples.Figure 5.2 Wing planform terminology.Figure 5.3 Aspect ratio.Figure 5.4 Wingtip vortices.Figure 5.5 Airflow about an infinite wing.Figure 5.6 Vertical velocity vectors of an infinite wing.Figure 5.7 Vertical velocity vectors of a finite wing.Figure 5.8 Airflow about a finite wing.Figure 5.9 Relative wind and force vectors on a finite wing.Figure 5.10 Induced drag versus velocity.Figure 5.11 Wingtip vortex at altitude versus near the ground.Figure 5.12 Downwash at altitude versus near the ground.Figure 5.13 T_r and C_L curves in ground effect.Figure 5.14 Ground effect.Figure 5.15 Comparison of drag characteristics of conventional and laminar f...Figure 5.16 Microscopic surface of a wing.Figure 5.17 Form drag.Figure 5.18 Interference drag at the wing root.Figure 5.19 Parasite drag–airspeed curve.Figure 5.20 C_L vs. AOA and C_D vs. AOA.Figure 5.21 Drag vector diagram.Figure 5.22 Total drag curve.Figure 5.23 L/D_Max.Figure 5.24 Typical lift‐to‐drag ratios.Figure 5.25 Wingtip vortex reduction methods.Figure 5.26 Winglets.

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Aircraft in equilibrium flight.Figure 6.2 Turbojet engine.Figure 6.3 Turbofan engine.Figure 6.4 Dual‐spool axial‐flow compressor.Figure 6.5 Jet engine compressor stall.Figure 6.6 T‐38 drag curve.Figure 6.7 T‐38 thrust required.Figure 6.8 Engine thrust schematic.Figure 6.9 Propulsion efficiency.Figure 6.10 Variation of thrust with rpm.Figure 6.11 Typical jet acceleration times.Figure 6.12 T‐38 installed thrust.Figure 6.13 T‐38 thrust variation with altitude.Figure 6.14 T‐38 c_t–rpm.Figure 6.15 T‐38 c_t–altitude.Figure 6.16 T‐38 fuel flow–altitude.Figure 6.17 T‐38 thrust available–thrust required.Figure 6.18 Forces acting on a climbing aircraft.Figure 6.19 Velocity for maximum climb angle.Figure 6.20 Wind effect on climb angle to the ground.Figure 6.21 Obstacle clearance for jet takeoff.Figure 6.22 Climb angle and rate of climb.Figure 6.23 Rate of climb velocity vector.Figure 6.24 Velocity for maximum rate of climb.Figure 6.25 Finding maximum endurance velocity.Figure 6.26 Finding the maximum specific range velocity.Figure 6.27 Wind effect on specific range.Figure 6.28 Total range calculation.Figure 6.29 Effect of weight change on induced drag.Figure 6.30 Effect of weight change on the T_r curve.Figure 6.31 Effect of weight change on specific range.Figure 6.32 Effect of configuration on parasite drag.Figure 6.33 Effect of configuration on the T_r curve.Figure 6.34 Effect of altitude on T_r and T_a, curves.Figure 6.35 Range improvement using cruise–climb.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Airfoil sections of a propeller blade.Figure 7.2 Propeller tip speed versus propeller hub.Figure 7.3 Propeller blade angle.Figure 7.4 Geometric pitch versus effective pitch.Figure 7.5 Blade angle in flight.Figure 7.6 Various blade angle ranges.Figure 7.7 Thrust from a propeller.Figure 7.8 Propeller pitch angle configurations.Figure 7.9 Propeller range positions.Figure 7.10 (a) Thrust‐required and (b) power‐required curves.Figure 7.11 Power required.Figure 7.12 Power available curve.Figure 7.13 Power required and power available.Figure 7.14 Fixed‐shaft turboprop engine.Figure 7.15 Split shaft/free turbine engine.Figure 7.16 Turbocharged engine.Figure 7.17 Forces on a climbing aircraft.Figure 7.18 Thrust versus climb angle.Figure 7.19 Climb angle versus velocity.Figure 7.20 Comparison of maximum AOC between jet and propeller airplanes....Figure 7.21 Rate of climb velocity vector.Figure 7.22 Comparison of maximum ROC between jet and propeller airplanes....Figure 7.23 Finding the maximum rate of climb.Figure 7.24 Finding the maximum endurance and range.Figure 7.25 Effect of wind on range.Figure 7.26 Effect of weight change on a P_r curve.Figure 7.27 Effect of weight change on specific range.Figure 7.28 Effect of configuration on the P_r curve.Figure 7.29 Effect of altitude on a P_r curve.Figure 7.30 V_X versus V_Y with altitude.Figure 7.31 Effect of altitude on specific range.

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Takeoff distance graph.Figure 8.2 Normal takeoff and climb.Figure 8.3 Crosswind takeoff.Figure 8.4 Short‐field takeoff.Figure 8.5 Soft‐field takeoff.Figure 8.6 Water drag and propeller thrust on takeoff.Figure 8.7 Hydrodynamic lift while on the step.Figure 8.8 Premature takeoff.Figure 8.9 Accelerate‐stop distance, accelerate‐go distance, and climb gradi...Figure 8.10 Balanced field length.Figure 8.11 Single‐engine velocity–distance profiles.Figure 8.12 Multi‐engine velocity–distance profiles.Figure 8.13 FAR takeoff field length.Figure 8.14 RTO and tire failure.Figure 8.15 Performance chart examples.Figure 8.16 Jet takeoff and departure profile.Figure 8.17 Segmented one‐engine climb graph.Figure 8.18 Forces on an airplane during takeoff.Figure 8.19 Effect of wind on takeoff.Figure 8.20 Takeoff distance chart with runway surface СКАЧАТЬ