Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian. Javier G. Nevarez

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       All ages can be affected. Animals consistently kept in temperatures between 25–33 degrees C.

       Carnivorous chelonians appear to be more susceptible versus herbivorous chelonians.

       Herbivorous chelonians can be asymptomatic carriers.

       Anorexia

       Diarrhea

       Dehydration

       Weight loss

       Bloody and mucoid stools

       Hardening of the large intestinal tract that can be palpated.

       Intussusception

       Vomiting

       Sudden death

       Improper husbandry and hygiene, diarrhea, housed with infected animals, decreased immune status, temperatures held between 25 and 33 degrees C.

       Invertebrates (i.e., roaches and flies) act as mechanical vectors.

       Salmonellosis

       GI helminths

       Microscopic evaluation of fresh fecal material to visualize trophozoites and cysts.

       Trophozoites may be seen in fresh fecal but die rapidly within 20–30 minutes once outside the host.

       SAF technique can be used for better visualization.

       Fecal/cysts can be placed within a petri dish with water and trophozoites will emerge from the dissolved envelope within several hours.

       Immunohistochemistry with E. invadens poly clonal antibody is developed for snakes.

       Polymerase chain reaction assays can be used to distinguish species of Entamoeba.

       Gross changes include thickening, edema, erosions, ulcers, and diphtheritic membranes of the large intestine.

       Liver abscesses may also be seen.

       Histologically, the primary finding is fibrinonecrotic colitis.

       Practice proper hygiene

       Wash fruits and vegetables before being fed.

       Do not house infected individuals with non‐infected chelonians.

       Monitor for weight gain

       Take fecal samples

       E. invadens in culture, dies at 37 degrees C, so can raise the temperature to 37 degrees C if it is within the animal’s preferred optimum temperature range.

       E. histolytica and E. dispar, which are found in humans GI tracts, are morphologically similar to E. invadens but are considered to be non‐pathogenic.

       SYNONYMS Amebiasis

       GI = gastrointestinal

       SAF = Sodium acetate acetic acid formalin

       de Cardenas C. Amebiasis in Reptiles. PetMD, October 1, 2008. www.petmd.com/reptile/conditions/digestive/c_rp_amebiasis• Amebiasis in Snakes. Wag! 2020. https://wagwalking.com/reptile/condition/amebiasis‐in‐snakes