The Jargon File, Version 2.9.10, 01 Jul 1992. Various

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СКАЧАТЬ with a pronunciation of `//' are written-only usages. (No, UNIX weenies, this does *not* mean `pronounce like previous pronunciation'!)

:Other Lexicon Conventions: ===========================

       Table of Contents

      Entries are sorted in case-blind ASCII collation order (rather than the letter-by-letter order ignoring interword spacing common in mainstream dictionaries), except that all entries beginning with nonalphabetic characters are sorted after Z. The case-blindness is a feature, not a bug.

      The beginning of each entry is marked by a colon (`:') at the left margin. This convention helps out tools like hypertext browsers that benefit from knowing where entry boundaries are, but aren't as context-sensitive as humans.

      In pure ASCII renderings of the Jargon File, you will see {} used to bracket words which themselves have entries in the File. This isn't done all the time for every such word, but it is done everywhere that a reminder seems useful that the term has a jargon meaning and one might wish to refer to its entry.

      In this all-ASCII version, headwords for topic entries are distinguished from those for ordinary entries by being followed by "::" rather than ":"; similarly, references are surrounded by "{{" and "}}" rather than "{" and "}".

      Defining instances of terms and phrases appear in `slanted type'. A defining instance is one which occurs near to or as part of an explanation of it.

      Prefix * is used as linguists do; to mark examples of incorrect usage.

      We follow the `logical' quoting convention described in the Writing Style section above. In addition, we reserve double quotes for actual excerpts of text or (sometimes invented) speech. Scare quotes (which mark a word being used in a nonstandard way), and philosopher's quotes (which turn an utterance into the string of letters or words that name it) are both rendered with single quotes.

      References such as `malloc(3)' and `patch(1)' are to UNIX facilities (some of which, such as `patch(1)', are actually freeware distributed over USENET). The UNIX manuals use `foo(n)' to refer to item foo in section (n) of the manual, where n=1 is utilities, n=2 is system calls, n=3 is C library routines, n=6 is games, and n=8 (where present) is system administration utilities. Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the manuals have changed roles frequently and in any case are not referred to in any of the entries.

      Various abbreviations used frequently in the lexicon are summarized here:

      abbrev.

       abbreviation

       adj.

       adjective

       adv.

       adverb

       alt.

       alternate

       cav.

       caveat

       esp.

       especially

       excl.

       exclamation

       imp.

       imperative

       interj.

       interjection

       n.

       noun

       obs.

       obsolete

       pl.

       plural

       poss.

       possibly

       pref.

       prefix

       prob.

       probably

       prov.

       proverbial

       quant.

       quantifier

       suff.

       suffix

       syn.

       synonym (or synonymous with)

       v.

       verb (may be transitive or intransitive)

       var.

       variant

       vi.

       intransitive verb

       vt.

       transitive verb

      Where alternate spellings or pronunciations are given, alt. separates two possibilities with nearly equal distribution, while var. prefixes one that is markedly less common than the primary.

      Where a term can be attributed to a particular subculture or is known to have originated there, we have tried to so indicate. Here is a list of abbreviations used in etymologies:

      Berkeley

       University of California at Berkeley

       Cambridge

       the university in England (*not* the city in Massachusetts where

       MIT happens to be located!)

       BBN

       Bolt, Beranek & Newman

       CMU

       Carnegie-Mellon University

       Commodore

       Commodore Business Machines

       DEC

       The Digital Equipment Corporation

       Fairchild

       The Fairchild Instruments Palo Alto development group

       Fidonet

       See the {Fidonet} entry

       IBM

       International Business Machines

       MIT

       Massachusetts Institute of Technology; esp. the legendary MIT AI Lab

       culture of roughly 1971 to 1983 and its feeder groups, including the

       Tech Model Railroad Club

       NRL

       Naval Research Laboratories

       NYU

       New York University

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