Spatial Impacts of Climate Change. Denis Mercier

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      Figure 1.13. Positive feedback loops explaining the amplification of Arctic climate warming

       (source: design D. Mercier, drawing by F. Bonnaud, Faculty of Arts, Sorbonne University, 2020). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/mercier/climate.zip

      In addition to albedo, Figure 1.12 illustrates the major components of the Earth's radiation budget, which is simplified by an average solar energy input of 342 watts per square meter to the Earth's surface. The percentages of each component (clouds, ocean, land surface, atmosphere) show that only 47% is absorbed (25% by the oceans and 22% by land surfaces). In the evolution of temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere, the cloud component plays a fundamental role because it absorbs part of the energy (19%) and reflects 20%. Cloud cover and its temporal evolution therefore appear to be an essential element in understanding the evolution of the radiation balance on the Earth's surface.

1.6. Conclusion

Contemporary climate change is illustrated by recognized and measured thermal and rainfall trends that are neither linear over time nor spatially uniform. Beyond the general logics of the physical laws governing the climate machine on a global scale (radiation balance, importance of astronomical parameters, role of greenhouse gases and volcanism, thermal gradients, air humidity capacity, etc.), regional and local nuances illustrate the importance of geographical factors and interactions between all components, such as the fundamental Arctic-wide interaction between the ocean, sea ice and the atmosphere. Whether during the cold Pleistocene sequences or during contemporary global warming, we are seeing an amplification of changes in high-latitude environments, particularly in the Arctic Basin.

1.7. References

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