The Republic of Virtue. F. H. Buckley

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СКАЧАТЬ party that scoffed at the idea of a special kind of republican virtue. Hamilton might also be counted a member of the Court party. So too can Madison, who in “Vices of the Political System of the United States” had argued that self-interest would blind voters to the common good: “Place three individuals in a situation wherein the interest of each depends on the voice of the others, and give to two of them an interest opposed to the rights of the third? Will the latter be secure?”¹⁶ Later, in Federalist 51, he famously expanded on the limits of republican virtue. Men are not angels, he said, but seekers of private gain, and government should channel self-interest in such a way that it serves the public good. “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition,” so that the overweening pursuit of advantage by one group is checked by other groups in the competition for power.

      While the Country party had a stronger aversion to government corruption than did the Court party, all the Framers shared Madison’s skepticism about the innate goodness of the people. None would have agreed with Robespierre, or Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that social ills never stem from le peuple freely pursuing their own interest. “To be good, people have only to prefer their interests to that which is not in their interest,” wrote Robespierre. “To be good, the magistrate has only to sacrifice himself (s’immoler) to the people.”¹⁷ No one in Philadelphia would have spoken like that—not Madison, certainly not Hamilton or Morris, and not the Country party members either. As Hamilton observed, “the members most tenacious of republicanism . . . were as loud as any in declaiming against the vices of democracy.”¹⁸ Robespierre defended the jacquerie that burned down castles in the French Revolution, but the Framers took a different view. They had witnessed mob violence at home, with Shay’s Rebellion in western Massachusetts still a fresh memory, and they wanted none of it. Jefferson might perhaps have agreed with Robespierre about the innate goodness of the people, but happily he was in Paris and did not attend the Constitutional Convention.

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