The Two Powers. Brett Edward Whalen

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ he would only relay in person, shared the sultan’s proposal to form an alliance to destroy their mutual enemies and help the Christians “recover Jerusalem and all of the lands that they held in the days of Saladin.” After his meeting with Gabra, the pope sent him back to Frederick’s court to continue with these negotiations. This is the last thing ever heard of the sultan’s emissary and the proposed peace between the Muslim ruler and the bishop of Rome.²²

      Peace among Christians living in the crusader kingdoms remained just as elusive, despite the truce established in 1234 by Albert of Antioch and the archbishop of Ravenna between John of Ibelin and Frederick’s officials. When news reached the pope in the summer of 1235 that John and his supporters at Acre were planning an assault on Tyre, which was held by Frederick’s imperial marshal, Richard Filangerium, Gregory again tried to intervene on the emperor’s behalf. Writing to the Hospitaller, Templar, and Teutonic orders in Syria, calling for “peace and tranquility” rather than “dissension and scandal,” he instructed them to work for the “preservation of imperial rights” and stop the attack on Tyre. An injury against the emperor, Gregory stated, is like “an injury to us.” He sent a similar message to John of Ibelin and the citizens of Acre, threatening them with ecclesiastical censure if they did not reverse their confrontational course.²³

      In his letters to the various parties concerned, the pope did not disguise or dissemble his reasons for supporting Frederick. Damage to the emperor’s power would equally harm the church and impede the upcoming crusade. After the emperor’s recent service, meaning his support against the rebellious citizens of Rome, Gregory felt especially beholden to back the Hohenstaufen position overseas. Writing directly to Frederick in September 1235 and celebrating the empire as the “strong-arm and defender of the Apostolic See,” Gregory reviewed his past efforts to defend Frederick’s rights in Syria. With this address, he included a separate “form of peace,” laying out the new terms for a settlement in the kingdom of Jerusalem that would restore the status quo before the recent rebellion against the imperial marshal. In that same letter, however, Gregory also tried to explain his controversial decision to lift the sentence of interdict passed against Acre by his own legate, Theodoric of Ravenna, after proctors from the city at the papal curia provided sworn assurances of their good behavior moving forward. The pope did so because of the particular situation in that city. With so many different kinds of Christians and kinds of worship in the city, he worried that leaving the ban in place might encourage some citizens to abandon the Roman rite altogether, allowing for the spread of heresy. Gregory must have realized that Frederick would question his decision to lift the interdict before finalizing the terms of peace, so he asked Peter de Vinea, who was present at the curia for negotiations over the problems in Lombardy, to approve of the papal agreement with the citizens of Acre. To Gregory’s disappointment, Peter refused, since his mandate from the emperor did not authorize him to do so.²⁴

      Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

      Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

      Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

      Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

/9j/4RorRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgADgEAAAMAAAABGTUAAAEBAAMAAAABC7gAAAECAAMAAAADAAAA tgEDAAMAAAABAAEAAAEGAAMAAAABAAIAAAESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEVAAMAAAABAAMAAAEaAAUAAAAB AAAAvAEbAAUAAAABAAAAxAEcAAMAAAABAAEAAAEoAAMAAAABAAIAAAExAAIAAAAkAAAAzAEyAAIA AAAUAAAA8IdpAAQAAAABAAABBAAAATwACAAIAAgALcbAAAAnEAAtxsAAACcQQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9z aG9wIENDIDIwMTggKE1hY2ludG9zaCkAMjAxODoxMToxNCAxMjoxMjoyNgAABJAAAAcAAAAEMDIy MaABAAMAAAAB//8AAKACAAQAAAABAAADiKADAAQAAAABAAAFRgAAAAAAAAAGAQMAAwAAAAEABgAA ARoABQAAAAEAAAGKARsABQAAAAEAAAGSASgAAwAAAAEAAgAAAgEABAAAAAEAAAGaAgIABAAAAAEA ABiJAAAAAAAAAEgAAAABAAAASAAAAAH/2P/tAAxBZG9iZV9DTQAB/+4ADkFkb2JlAGSAAAAAAf/b AIQADAgICAkIDAkJDBELCgsRFQ8MDA8VGBMTFRMTGBEMDAwMDAwRDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwM DAwMDAwMDAwMDAENCwsNDg0QDg4QFA4ODhQUDg4ODhQRDAwMDAwREQwMDAwMDBEMDAwMDAwMDAwM DAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwM/8AAEQgAoABrAwEiAAIRAQMRAf/dAAQAB//EAT8AAAEFAQEBAQEB AAAAAAAAAAMAAQIEBQYHCAkKCwEAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAQACAwQFBgcICQoLEAABBAEDAgQC BQcGCAUDDDMBAAIRAwQhEjEFQVFhEyJxgTIGFJGhsUIjJBVSwWIzNHKC0UMHJZJT8OHxY3M1FqKy gyZEk1RkRcKjdDYX0lXiZfKzhMPTdePzRieUpIW0lcTU5PSltcXV5fVWZnaGlqa2xtbm9jdHV2d3 h5ent8fX5/cRAAICAQIEBAMEBQYHBwYFNQEAAhEDITESBEFRYXEiEwUygZEUobFCI8FS0fAzJGLh coKSQ1MVY3M08SUGFqKygwcmNcLSRJNUoxdkRVU2dGXi8rOEw9N14/NGlKSFtJXE1OT0pbXF1eX1 VmZ2hpamtsbW5vYnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x//aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A7Qgdwo7PHX7lMA90x8fFVGdQaB2T 6DsEh+KbXzKSl/bHA+5PA5IHwhMBH8SoXOvYGDFpGTZZY1hYXiprWunfc+wtt/m/3GVWPsSUzgeG ikAPASsqnrWVfgu6i3EqbgssyGWZH2gvDasX1vVz9jMVjrMd1mK6qv3er761pYlll2JRddX9nsur Y6ykuDvTe8f0f1IZvsrf+i/4xKihkQPAfcouA8FMieVAM78+A8EEsS0eCbaAiR93ZMQkpEQPBPHk pROpS2+SSn//0O1P4JROsqTQq+fVnWtpZhZAxHeq111xaLHei0OL6qqrP0djrrPSr9/83XvsVRnS xHknA8ysbEyesZfVutdM+3CpvTRjNx7hj0uM5NL8hz7mHa1/pPb7NmxX8TqWDZjYvq5uLbkW07i6 q1rm2Oqb+uWY5B/SVVvrtfZ/ov8ACJUpt86Az4oOWc1uJecFodmGtwxtzg1osLXNqse5/wCZU/a9 yY9Q6eK6bTl0NryZOPYbGBtgBDS6lznfpGbnMbvRrm2OotAe6h7WOIsYG72lo3/RuZbX+bt99aSn Mu6Pa76t4/RMdoFba6cfJa54YXU1D1MpjLKt7fVzrKvR3/4NmVbf/g0AfV0354szMetuDY6zKfh1 2bWV5T3sd7qq6/1jdj42Kz1abaf0n2/+c+1oXTOrdTe36t3XZf2l3XGubk4bq6mlsVuu+24porpt rrofX+nZZ61Wyz/BrebmYTzcGZFLjjhxyA2xpNYYS2x12136NtbmuZY930ETYQEjiSdx1J1JTGUH 9p9LOozcc/ojkT6rCPQGn2r6X9H0/nv5tDs6z0hk782lpYGOcS7RrbAHUPe6NjK79zfRse707EKS 2YM+XgmI8UH9qdMOV9i+2UfbA/0zjeo0Wb/9F6c7vU/kIoycV2Q7FF1ZyWCX0B7TYAQHe6nd6jfY 7egpltPdJTI78pQUlP8A/9HuJ1TwHQIn4pRKrtzqZaHbq3POxocJkk/mur3s/rKo2ACdhbl9G9Zv 1m65lOoyKqc77EcW62i2trzjUvqyPdbWz09ljm7PV2et/gfUVS7oHUfVL6IH2LqNp6eII/Uuoj/K rvpBv6B2Y/0n/mfYlv8A2/Ga7a4ua6XNaCJ3bD6bi3Zu/OUm52K4Ets3BpALg0xJO1rZ/lu+gjxK 4Jdj9jl3YduJ1Dqr/sb83FzMGnGwK2NDmtbUy7Hs6U/X9Ay6y6vK32M+y7PU/Px1fwan9P6NjUZR dfbjYldNzqWvuc97a20v9NlbXXXe/wDkfQ/SIl2dj0vcywubsME7SQSfzWlspzmUtc5rtw2uLJDS 6S2N/wBD833fSQJtXBLsXJ+rvT3U/VqihlP7O6t9idiWZL6TXcywtf6TnWljbbaqrH12+x/p/wDX Eul4mS131cYMJ+J+xqbBmushoE0fY3YtL2b68v7XlfrnqVP9L06/Xt/SrUPUMMa7zAAP0XfnGG9v ztzFN+XjVPNT3w9oBdALgGn84ub+ajxbo9uX7p+x5vF+rnUKWYVbgXVUW5XSrmuP0ukPdZbTdZ/L 3V1MZ+/XZUr2Ucr9v5+ZtzRQK8P9FRQ6yvLNP2uy/D9TZt2/rNVf8/TR/pvVrWr9uoaGl24B4J3F ugANjJdt3fnUuSfm47Qx0nZYwOa+Oxd6f0fp+36bv5CXEngl2LzOdiZ7vrHmZpw78jp9Obg5NlTK X77vs9Bx/tGFbp9obhZZa+7Gqr/Wqv5q30vU36OLg5NXX3ZFNNjcS67Kuy68hjS2u17W11Z3TMuP V/yltZ6+Fvs9Fn2j1vR2MWqczFGheQSNRtdIP7rtPa/2/QUW5mKQ5zS52zbuAB0D3BjXfu7fdv8A 6iXFpSuCXY/Y2YlKPNQptquaXUkkNO0kggA/Sj3IkBNRRuq1f//S7gOEg/glY87HbQC6DtkSJ/N/ d/OTafm8RqUgPzgqjOg9bNLAHYzLCAIDnNEmN3/VN+imssy4l+MwgDdIO4zLuGx7nfRerTRJjv8A xUK7se9hfTay1oMF1ZDhP0oO3+Sku4h+6PxQsuzDtL8dgD9oIBkiSBL3f8Gz6XtU9+UBYWVMB3ew 6S5s7dz/AHN/M+iitb8ZUGZOK5nqV3VvrAaS9rgWw8xX7v5f5iSOIdgjaMotcw1V1bN

СКАЧАТЬ