Periplus Pocket Vietnamese Dictionary. Phan Van Giuong

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СКАЧАТЬ v verb

      Pronunciation

      The Vietnamese alphabet has 29 letters: a, ă, â, b, c, d, đ, e, ê, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, ô, ơ, p, q, r, s, t, u, ư, v, x, y.

      Vietnamese consonants are written as a single letter or a cluster of two or three letters, as follows: b, c, ch, d, đ, g, gh, gi, h, k, kh, l, m, n, ng, ngh, nh, p, ph, qu, r, s, t, th, tr, v, x.

      The vowels in Vietnamese are the following: a, ă, â, e, ê, i/y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư. Vowels can also be grouped together to form a cluster.

      The following lists the consonants and vowels with their Vietnamese pronunciation followed by their English equivalent.

Consonants
VIETNAMESE	ENGLISH	EXAMPLE	MEANING
b	book	bút	pen
c, k	can	cá	fish
		kem	ice-cream
qu	queen	quý	precious
ch	chore	cho	to give
d, g (before i)	zero	da	skin
		gì	what
đ	do	đi	to go
g, gh	go	ga	railway
		ghe	boat
h	hat	hai	two
kh	(no real English equivalent)	không	no
l	lot	làm	to do
m	me; him	mai	tomorrow
n	not; in	nam	south
ng, ngh	singer	ngon	delicious
		nghe	to hear
nh	canyon	nho	grape
ph	phone	phải	right
r	run	ra	to go out
s	show	sữa	milk
t	top	tốt	good
th	thin	thăm	to visit
tr	entry	trên	on/above
v	very	và	and
x	see	xa	far

Vowels
VIETNAMESE	ENGLISH	EXAMPLE	MEANING
a	father	ba	three
ă	hat	ăn	to eat
â	but	âm	sound
e	bet	em	younger brother/sister
ê	may	đêm	night
i/y	me	kim	needle
o	law	lo	to worry
ô	no	cô	aunt
ơ	fur	bơ	butter
u	too	ngu	stupid
ư	uh-uh	thư	letter

      Tones

      The standard Vietnamese language has six tones. Each tone is a meaningful and integral part of the syllable. Every syllable must have a tone. The tones are indicated in conventional Vietnamese spelling by marks placed over (à, ả, ã, á) or under (ạ) single vowels or the vowel in a cluster that bears the main stress.

VIETNAMESE NAME	TONE MARK	TONE	DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLE	MEANING
Không dấu	None	mid-level	Voice starts at middle of normal speaking range and remains at that level	ma	ghost
Huyền	à	low-falling	Voice starts fairly low and gradually falls	mà	but
Hỏi	ả	low-rising	Voice falls initially then rises slightly	mả	tomb
Ngã	ã	high-broken	Voice rises slightly, is cut off abruptly, then rises sharply again	mã	horse
Sắc	á	high-rising	Voice starts high and rises sharply	má	cheek
Nặng	ạ	low-broken	Voice falls, then cuts off abruptly	mạ	rice seedling

      Basic Vietnamese Grammar

      Vietnamese is written in the Roman alphabet and it is usually considered a monosyllabic language. Each single word (or syllable) can be formed by at least a vowel or vowel cluster and consonant and a tone marker. In this introductory basic grammar, we will look at the structural formation of words (single and compound) and sentences.

      A. The Vietnamese Alphabet

      There are 29 letters in the Vietnamese alphabet.

I.	Vowels (V): There are 12 vowels: a, ă, â, e, ê, i, y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư.
II.	Consonants (C): There are 17 single consonants and 11 consonant clusters:
	1. 17 single consonants: b, c, d, đ, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x.
	2. 11 consonant clusters: ch, gh, kh, nh, ph, th, ng, ngh, gi, tr, qu.
	3. Final consonants: only 8 can appear in the final position: p, c, m, n, t, ch, nh, ng.
III.	Tone markers (T)
	There are six tones, but only five tone markers. Four of them are put above and one under a vowel or a vowel cluster.
	TONE MARKER	NAME	EXAMPLE	MEANING
	a à ả ã á ạ	dấu ngang dấu huyền dầu hỏi dấu ngã dấu sắc dấu nặng	ma mà mả mã má mạ	ghost which tomb horse cheek rice seedling

      B. Word Forms

      Single words:

      A Vietnamese single word can be formed in one of the following four ways:

a.	A vowel or vowel cluster with or without a tone marker.
	Examples:	ô!	(oh!)
		ai	(who)
		áo	(shirt)
b.	A vowel or vowel cluster with or without a tone marker plus a final consonant.
	Examples:	ăn	(to eat)
		uống	(to drink)
		ấm	(warm)
c.	An initial consonant plus a vowel or vowel cluster with or without tone markers.
	Examples:	da	(skin)
		dạ	(yes)
		dao	(knife)
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