Kant and the Theory and Practice of International Right. Georg Cavallar

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СКАЧАТЬ save the dimension of ideals and anticipation in international right. Kant’s theory might be called anticipatory as it refers to something which is possible or can be realized (it does not touch upon a strict utopia or ‘nowhere’). This thinking is fully aware of the problems posed by reality, for instance the fact of state anarchy.⁵⁴ Kant combines the classical right of nations (set out by Vattel and others) with the normative ideals of peace concepts (developed in particular by Saint-Pierre and Rousseau).

      Interpreters still disagree on whether Kant’s transition from a condition of war to a juridical condition is convincing (see chapter 8). In this context, I want to emphasize one aspect, the difference between the domestic and the international level. Kant claims that in international relations, no country is entitled to end the state of nature by means of force. Kant has accepted this permissive right among individuals who enjoy their lawless freedom (VI, 256, 14–18). Perpetual peace is ‘the ultimate end of all international right’ (VI, 350, 16–17), the ‘supreme political good’ (VI, 355, 30). Still, no state is entitled to force others into a condition that might realize this highest or supreme good. Kant abandons the just-war theory. A just war, Kant contends, is a contradictio in adjecto, because it tries to determine what is lawful by means that are not lawful, namely ‘one-sided maxims backed up by physical force’ (VIII, 356–7).⁵⁵ In a full juridical condition, legislation, jurisdiction and executive are never concentrated in one person or state, and the means applied reflect the underlying legal principles.

      It might be argued that Kant’s accounts of the right to go to war and of the unjust enemy contradict my thesis of a new paradigm. Does Kant not relapse behind his own (allegedly pacifist) theory with the claim that states do have a right to go to war? A full analysis of these doctrines can be found in the respective chapters of this book (see chapters 6

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