Cycle of Learning. Anne Fitzpatrick

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      Marker showing location of Kodaikanal region in Tamil Nadu, India.

      This town of Kodaikanal, or “Kodai” as it is often referred to, is named after the region with the same name in which it lies – a chain of hills with over one hundred villages tucked into its pockets, some close to the zigzagging roads, some in places so remote that they are almost impossible to reach.

      The Kodaikanal area has been settled for thousands of years and, in recent centuries, been subject to waves of immigration. Pulaiyairs and Paliyars, known as Tribals or Adhivasis, are considered the indigenous people of the area. Adhivasis make up about 8% of the population of India. As other groups moved into Kodaikanal, the Adhivasis were forced from their traditional lands to poorer quality lands. Without the land or capital they needed to be self sufficient, many Adhivasi families were forced into virtual slavery as bonded workers on plantations. Generally, they have been paid very low wages, sometimes being paid in kind, such as with poor quality rice. A large proportion of adult Adhivasis are illiterate, live below the poverty line and have had little or no access to government assistance. They are outside the caste system that still operates in India, particularly in the rural areas, and therefore have limited access to economic, political and social resources.

      Dalits (a name that means “the oppressed” – a term chosen by the com­­­­munity themselves, instead of the names given to them by others, such as “untouchable” or “outcaste”) are also outside of the caste system and an­­­­­other group of highly vulnerable people in Kodaikanal. Within the Dalit com­­munities, there are those of higher and lower status. Low-status Dalits, known as Maadharis, constitute about 25% of the population in Kodaikanal hills villages. A high proportion of Maadhari people are illiterate and children are often sent out to graze the cattle of higher-caste people, which means they miss out on an education. Dalits have historically per­­­formed the­­­ most menial and degrading jobs, including agricultural labour, disposing of dead bodies, and cleaning toilets and removing sewage. Higher-caste people traditionally regarded Dalits as a source of con­­­­­­­­­tam­ination, and Dalits have therefore at times been segregated and denied access to many community facilities, such as schools, temples and water tanks. In India there are approximately 240 million Dalits – almost 20% of the population. Their long-term oppression has resulted in many Dalit communities being caught in cycles of extreme poverty and a lack of opportunities.

      I spent three months in Kodaikanal, as a guest of a program that works with the Dalit and Adhivasi communities of the area: People’s Education and Action in Kodaikanal (which comes to the latitudinally-relevant acronym of PEAK). PEAK is a program that aims to provide opportunities in education, vocational training, health, finance and activism that will empower Dalit and Adhivasi communities to be able to step out of the cycles of poverty and oppression that have marginalised them for generations.

      I spent most of my time in Kodai with the staff and students of two projects that PEAK has involvement with: Grihini, a residential training centre for young women, and Liberative Education for Adhivasis and Dalits (LEAD), which provides hostels and support for primary and secondary students.

      The Grihini program, at that time, was a six-month residential course designed to equip illiterate and disadvantaged young women, who are often the most vulnerable members of their communities, with leadership and life skills in order to improve their own and their communities’ health, social, economic and political standing. Participants in the course were girls who had only attended a few years of primary school, if any school at all.

      Participants came from the Dalit, Adhivasi and Sri Lankan repatriate communities in the Kodai area. Graduates of the Grihini program moved into roles running the program and staffing the LEAD hostels.

      The LEAD program concerns itself with the formal education of Adhivasi and Dalit children, mainly through three hostels run exclusively for underprivileged children who are attending school. Two hostels are co-educational and cater to primary students (up to Year 5) and one is for high school-level boys (from Year 6 to Year 10). Girls continuing through high school stay in a hostel run by a local convent, with on-going pastoral support from the PEAK program. The first primary hostel, which started in 1991, began with 30 children; by the time of my first visit 10 years later, the numbers had expanded to 140 young people.

      The hostels focus on literacy and numeracy, communication skills, development of leadership qualities, organisational and problem-solving skills, critical social and political analysis skills, banking and saving knowledge, physical education, agricultural skills, and exploring the role of young people in justice campaigns and organisations. The children are also given the opportunity to participate in games, singing and dancing, cultural events, sport, and their traditional religious observances.

      As more students have continued through primary and lower secondary school, a need for higher education has arisen. Senior high schools, col­­­­­­­leges and universities are geographically and financially difficult to access for the young people of the Kodai hills. In 2001 when I visited, PEAK supported a few students to continue their studies, but the funds for regular and ongoing financial support to a significant number of students was not available in PEAK’s budget.