The Insect World. Figuier Louis

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СКАЧАТЬ two eyes, see only one image; and probably the same is the case with insects. But these eyes usually look in opposite directions, and should see two images, as in the chameleon, whose eyes move independently of each other. The clearness and length of vision will depend, continues M. Müller, on the diameter of the sphere of which the entire eye forms a segment, on the number and size of the facettes, and the length of the cones or lenses. The larger each facette, taken separately, and the more brilliant the pigment placed between the lenses, the more distinct will be the image of objects at a distance, and the less distinct that of objects near. With the latter the luminous rays diverge considerably; while those from the former are more parallel. In the first case, in traversing the pigment, they impinge obliquely on the crystalline, and consequently confuse the vision; in the second, they fall more perpendicularly on each facette.

      "Objects do not appear of the same size to each optic filament, unless the eye is a perfect section of a sphere, and its convexity concentric with that of the optic nerve. Whenever it is otherwise, the image corresponds more or less imperfectly with the size of the object, and is more or less incorrect. Hence it follows, that elliptical or conical eyes, which one generally finds among insects, are less perfect than those referred to above.

      "The differences which exist in the organisation of the eye among insects are explicable, to a certain point, on the theory which we are about to explain in a few words. Those species which live in the same substances on which they feed, and those which are parasitical, have small and flattened eyes; those, on the contrary, which have to seek their food, and which need to see objects at a distance, have large or very convex eyes. For the same reason the males, which have to seek their females, have larger eyes than the latter. The position of the eyes depends also on their size and shape; those which are flat, and have consequently a short field of vision, are placed close together, and rather in front than at the sides of the head, and often adjoining. Spherical and convex eyes, on the contrary, are placed on the sides, and their axes are opposite. But the greater field of vision which they are able to take in makes up for this position."

      Almost all insects are provided with a pair of compound eyes, which are placed on the sides of the head. The size and form of these organs are very variable, as we shall presently see. They are generally placed behind the antennæ.

      Although simple eyes (ocelli or stemmata) are common, they do not exist in all the orders of insects. They are generally round, and more or less convex and black, and there are three in the majority of cases. When there is this number they are most frequently placed in a triangle behind, and at a greater or less distance from the antennæ. Under the cornea, which varies in convexity, is found a transparent, rather hard, and nearly globular body, which is the true crystalline resting on a mass, which represents the vitreous body. This vitreous body is enclosed in an expansion of the optic nerve. Besides these, there is a pigment, most frequently red-brown, sometimes black, or blood-red. The organisation of these eyes is analogous to the eyes of fishes, and their refractive power is very great.

      With these eyes insects can only see such objects as are at a short distance. Of what use then can stemmata be to insects also provided with compound eyes? It has been remarked that most insects having this arrangement of eyes feed on the pollen of plants, and it has been surmised that the stemmata enable them to distinguish the parts of the flowers.

      The antennæ, commonly called horns, are two flexible appendages, of very variable form, which are joined to different parts of the head, and are always two in number. The joints of which they are made up have the power of motion, which enables the insect to move them in any direction.

      The antennæ consist of three parts: the basal joint, commonly distinguished by its form, length, and colour; the club, formed by a gradual or sudden thickening of the terminal joints, of which the number, form, and size present great variations; lastly, the stalk, formed by all the joints of the antennæ, except the basal, when no club exists, and in case of the existence of a club, of all those between it and the basal one.

      We give as examples the antennæ of two beetles, one of the genus Asida, the other of the genus Zygia (Figs. 3 and 4).

Fig. 3. Antenna of a species of Asida.		Fig. 4. Antenna of Zygia oblonga.

      Insects, for the most part, while in repose, place their antennæ on their backs, or along the sides of the head, or even on the thorax. Others are provided with cavities in which the antennæ repose either wholly or in part.

      During their different movements, insects move their antennæ more or less, sometimes slowly and with regularity, at other times in all directions. Some insects impart to their antennæ a perpetual vibration. During flight they are directed in front, perpendicular to the axis of the body, or else they repose on the back.

      What is the use of the antennæ, resembling as they do, feathers, saws, clubs, &c.? Everything indicates that these organs play a very important part in the life of insects, but their functions are imperfectly understood. Experience has shown that they only play a subordinate part as feelers, and have nothing to do with the senses of taste or smell. There is no other function for them to fulfil, except that of hearing.

      On this hypothesis the antennæ will be the principal instruments for the transmission of sound-waves. The membrane at their base represents a trace of the tympanum which exists among the higher animals. This membrane then will have some connection with an auditory nerve.

      The mouth of insects is formed after two general types, which correspond to two kinds of requirements. It is suited in the one case to break solid substances, in the other to imbibe liquids.

      

      At first sight there seems no similarity between the mouth of a biting insect and of one living by suction. But on examination it is found that the parts of the mouth in the one are exactly analogous to the same parts in the other, and that they have only modifications suiting them to the different purposes which they have to fulfil.

      The mouth of a biting insect is composed of an upper lip, a pair of mandibles, a pair of jaws, and a lower lip (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5.—Mouth of a masticating insect.		Fig. 6.—Thorax of Acrocinus longimanus (a beetle).

      The lower lip and the jaws carry on the outside certain appendages or filaments which have received the name of palpi.

      When speaking of sucking insects, and in general of the various orders of insects, we shall speak more in detail of the various parts of the mouth.

      The thorax (Fig. СКАЧАТЬ