Extreme Insects. Richard Jones
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Название: Extreme Insects
Автор: Richard Jones
Издательство: HarperCollins
Жанр: Природа и животные
isbn: 9780007411108
isbn:
But even hoverflies are out-hovered by one other group of insects, which are rather small and drab. The obviously named big-headed flies have big heads and, again, the males are all eyes. Their vast eyes give the same clue to all-round vision and territoriality. But instead of hovering brazenly in the large air-space under the spreading bough of a tree, they choose a discrete bush or a small space within the herbage. To the entomologist they demonstrate their flying skills by hovering in the folds of the insect net or inside the small glass tube as they are examined under a hand lens.
| NAME | lobster moth caterpillar Stauropusfagi |
| LOCATION | Europe and northern Asia |
| ATTRIBUTE | the most plug-ugly bug |
It is the strange and unorthodox that most greatly offends our senses. This, combined with a lack of knowledge, creates fear and misunderstanding. So it is with the caterpillar of the lobster moth. And although derided as a gothic monstrosity and grotesque beast by many writers, it is not to offend or frighten humans that this strange and unorthodox maggot has evolved. Birds trying to eat it are its greatest enemies, and it is from them it must hide, or defend itself.
Early natural philosophers recorded that this peculiar animal was half spider and half scorpion. With its crustacean-like form, it is easy to see how it gets its English name. Its swollen tail has long, thin appendages, threateningly sting-like in appearance. These are the ‘anal claspers’, which in most other caterpillars are the last pair of sucker feet on the end of the caterpillar’s body. The second and third pair of front legs are also grossly lengthened and the caterpillar waves them about in an aggressive manner if disturbed.
Pretending to be dangerous is the last resort of the lobster moth caterpillar. It would rather remain motionless, undetected because it just does not look like an edible morsel. Its bizarre knobbly shape is likely to be overlooked by predators because instead of appearing like a ‘normal’ caterpillar (cylindrical, smooth, plump) it looks like a bit of shrivelled dead leaf.
The caterpillar does not always look so deformed. When it first emerges from its egg it resembles an ant, complete with long, skinny waist and round, bulbous abdomen. It can also exude formic acid, the same sharp-tasting chemical used by ants to dissuade birds from eating them. Incidentally, the word ‘lobster’, traced back through the Old English ‘lopustre’ and Anglo-Saxon ‘loppestre’ or ‘lopystr’, comes from a corruption of the Latin ‘locusta’ – perhaps an even uglier beast if its habits are taken into account.
| NAME | Grant’s stag beetle Chiasognathus granti |
| LOCATION | Chile and Argentina |
| ATTRIBUTE | jaws as long as the rest of its body |
The most obvious purpose of jaws is eating. But this is really a secondary use, because plenty of insects eat without the aid of jaws. There is an even more basic function – biting. An insect may bite to catch and kill prey, to manipulate soil or cut leaf particles, or to chew a burrow into wood. Each of these behaviours requires its own type of jaws. And the insect with the most remarkable jaws uses them for a most remarkable behaviour.
Grant’s stag beetle, Chiasognathus granti
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