The Ideas That Shaped Post-War Britain. Anthony Seldon

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СКАЧАТЬ this was simply a condition to which its suitably skilled driver would have to adapt: ‘The habitual posture of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in a full employment economy will be that of a man pulling and hauling with might and main at the brake levers of the economy. It will not be a very popular or comfortable posture. But what of it? It is his job!’⁵³

      The steam-Keynesianism of the Labour revisionists was superseded by a fittingly privatised image from the impresario of Conservative Keynesianism in the 1950s, Harold Macmillan: ‘The real truth is that both a brake and an accelerator are essential for a motor car; their use is a matter of judgement but their purpose must remain essentially the same – to go forward safely; or, in economic terms, expansion in a balanced economy.’⁵⁴ The main difference in demand management under the Conservatives was the reinforcement of fiscal fine tuning with a monetary policy that now used interest-rate changes to the same ends. Here was the optimistic vision of progress in controlling and regulating the macroeconomic forces which could maintain full employment while keeping inflation in check. Stop-go, of course, was one name for this kind of economic policy; and ‘Butskellism’ for the political consensus which underpinned it. Samuel Brittan offered this summary in 1964:

      It was an interesting mixture of planning and freedom, based on the economic teachings of Lord Keynes. Planning during this period was concerned with one global total – the amount the nation was spending on goods and services – the ‘level of demand’ in economists’ language. If production sagged, or unemployment looked like creeping up, extra purchasing power was pumped into the system through the Budget, the banks, or the hire-purchase houses. If employment was a bit too full or the pound came under strain, demand was withdrawn through these same channels.⁵⁵

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