How the Girl Guides Won the War. Janie Hampton
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Название: How the Girl Guides Won the War
Автор: Janie Hampton
Издательство: HarperCollins
Жанр: Историческая литература
isbn: 9780007414048
isbn:
While the movement was designed to be based on neither creed nor race, Baden-Powell protested that in some countries, such as Barbados and South Africa, Guides and Scouts were organised in separate white and black companies and troops. Despite his early career as a soldier fighting in Africa and India, and his exposure to the army’s institutional racism, over the years his ideas had progressed. He insisted on ‘One Nation, One Movement’, and wanted complete racial integration. In India by 1920 there were several separate Scouting organizations — Muslim, Hindu, Seva-Samiti and ‘Mrs Annie Besant’s’ — none of them affiliated to each other or to London. In 1921 the Baden-Powells were invited to India to discuss the problem with Scout and Guide leaders. They travelled all over the country in a special carriage attached to the back of any train going in the right direction. At every station, enthusiastic Guides and Scouts greeted them, whatever the time of day or night: ‘We hung out of the train to talk to them and clasp their hands — and I hope that they did not notice we were both wearing uniform jackets and hats over our pyjamas.’ Olave met Hindu, Parsee, Anglo-Indian and European Guides, who all agreed to work together. ‘Once the Indian women took it up,’ she wrote, ‘the barriers between the races began to come down. Guiding could help break down the traditional conventions that kept Indian women in the background.’ By the end of the tour, the rival factions had all agreed to unite.
In South Africa, by contrast, Baden-Powell only managed to persuade the organisers to agree that Guides and Scouts would form one movement and wear the same uniform. They were still split into separate companies and troops for Africans, Europeans and Indians. It was not until 1936 that the Wayfarers — black South African Guides — were accepted into the Guide Association of South Africa. ‘At last,’ wrote Olave in 1973, ‘white had joined hands with black on equal terms. It was a giant stride for South Africa, even if it has taken several steps backwards since!’
By 1931, worldwide membership of the Guides was over a million, and in 1932 the first World Centre — ‘Our Chalet’ in Switzerland — was opened. Olave was delighted when she was appointed the World Chief Guide in 1930, and in 1932 she was awarded the Grand Cross of the British Empire. By the late 1930s Guiding had become international rather than Imperial, though Britain still had the largest number, with 525,276 Guides enrolled. Poland was next with 62,857, and in France there were 24,087. On the Atlantic island of St Helena there were 140 Guides to the sixty Scouts.
Younger girls had not been forgotten, and ‘Brownies’, for girls aged from seven to eleven, were formed in July 1914, just before war broke out. Each Brownie pack was divided into ‘Sixes’ of up to six girls, named after Fairies, Goblins and other phantasmagoria. From the age of about eight a Brownie could assume responsibility as a Seconder, second-in-command of her Six, and then work her way up to lead it as a Sixer. The pack’s leaders were called Brown Owl, assisted by Tawny Owl, to continue the woodland theme.
Baden-Powell had always been keen on small people. ‘In our army we have a battalion of very small men called Bantams who were not big enough for the ordinary regiments,’ he wrote in The Handbook for Brownies. ‘They very soon showed that at fighting they were as good as anybody else. A small man can have a big heart and plenty of pluck in him. So even though a Brownie is small, she too can be just as brave and strong as a bigger girl if she likes to make herself so. The Brownies are little people who do good to Big people. Boggarts are little people who do no good — they are ugly and noisy and dirty and selfish — so we have no use for Boggarts among the Brownies.’
Baden-Powell realised that the name Brownies ‘might be incongruous in some parts of the Empire’, and suggested the alternative ‘Bluebirds’ in parts of the world where girls had darker skin. However, in southern Africa they were called Brownies, whatever their race.
Baden-Powell suggested that each Brownie pack make a toadstool as their totem. ‘Like true fairies, Brownies can make their ring anywhere, not only in the woods or out on the grass, but even in the town and in a room.’ Toadstools were easy to make out of papier-mâché, and could be stored in a cupboard. ‘We all joined hands round the toadstool and danced around it singing,’ remembered Mary Allingham, a former Brownie. ‘“We’re the Brownies. Here’s our Aim: Lend a hand and Play the Game.” Then everyone shouted LAH, LAH, LAH, and saluted. It all seemed magic to me.’
Baden-Powell took on the important job of writing The Handbook for Brownies himself. His understanding of tracking animals was better than his knowledge of biology, and he was very worried about germs: ‘There are little beasts floating about in the air called Germs. They are squirmy-looking little beggars, and very dangerous, because if they get inside you they will give you an illness of one kind or another.’ These squirmy-looking little beggars were more likely to attack Brownies who breathed with their mouths: ‘Nose Breathing, with real cold fresh air out of doors, alone will help you to grow and to be strong.’
Brownies were encouraged to exercise their imaginations, but only within limits — too much imagination might lead them astray. Good Brown Owls had read Esterel Pelly’s Brownie Games: ‘Brown Owl must keep the games going and never for a minute let the pack come back to earth with a bump,’ she wrote. ‘Brown Owl must lead her Brownies from one excitement to another, and they will follow her blissfully, and she will keep the right atmosphere to the very end of the game.’
At her enrolment, each new Brownie makes the Brownie promise while saluting with her right hand vertical, the palm facing outwards. Pointing to the sky, the two middle fingers represent the two promises. ‘The first law is that Brownies give in to Older Folk,’ said Baden-Powell. ‘The second is that a Brownie does not give in to Herself.’ This two-fingered salute came long before Churchill’s V-for-victory sign, and many Brownies confused it with the ruder version with the palm facing inwards.
Each Six then danced round the toadstool singing its own special song. The Pixies sing: ‘Look out! We’re the jolly Pixies, Helping people when in fixes.’ The Imps: ‘We’re the ever helpful Imps, Quick and quiet as any shrimps.’ There were also Welsh fairies: ‘We’re the Bwbachod from Wales, Filling farmers’ milking pails.’
For great occasions, such as visits from the District Commissioner, there was a Grand Salute. ‘The Brownies form a circle and squat on their heels,’ wrote Baden-Powell, ‘with both hands on the ground between their feet. When the important person comes in, they howl very gently all together. “Tu-whit-to-who-oo-ooo. Tu-whit-to-who-oo-ooo,” the second time raising the voice and gradually rising to a standing position. “Tu-whit-to-who-oo-ooo.” The third time it is louder and the forefinger of the right hand is placed to the lips and made to revolve, the noise getting louder and louder until it ends in a shriek, a leap in the air, and a clap of the hands. The clap comes as the feet reach the ground. This action will slay the Boggarts. Then the Brownies are absolutely silent, and raise their right hands to the full salute.’ The Baden-Powells advised Brown Owls that a pack was ‘not a family, but a happy family’, and that ‘laughter counteracts most of the evils of the very young and makes for cheery companionship and open-mindedness. The one who laughs much, lies little.’
Once enrolled, a Brownie began her Second-Class Test, for which she was expected to know the history of the Union Jack, tie four complicated knots, make a useful article with a hem and decorative tacking, sew on two types of buttons, understand the importance of clean teeth, bowl a hoop, skip twenty times backwards, catch a ball six times and lay a table for dinner. Quite an accomplishment for an eight-year-old.
To attain First-Class standard, a Brownie had to understand semaphore, have grown a bulb, tie up a parcel, knit a jumper, lay and light a fire, cook a milk pudding, make tea, memorise a message, fold clothes neatly, skip with her СКАЧАТЬ