The Census of India, 1901, vol. iii. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, by Lieut. – Colonel Sir Richard C. Temple (Calcutta, 1903), p. 206.
274
Borie, “Notice sur les Mantras, tribu sauvage de la péninsule Malaise,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, x. (1860) p. 434.
275
S. Krascheninnikow, Beschreibung des Landes Kamtschatka (Lemgo, 1766), p. 215.
276
We may compare the instructive remarks made by Mr. W. E. Maxwell on the stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays (“The Folk-lore of the Malays,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 7, June, 1881, pp. 11 sq.). He says: “Two successive religious changes have taken place among them, and when we have succeeded in identifying the vestiges of Brahmanism which underly the external forms of the faith of Muhammed, long established in all Malay kingdoms, we are only half-way through our task. There yet remain the powerful influences of the still earlier indigenous faith to be noted and accounted for. Just as the Buddhists of Ceylon turn, in times of sickness and danger, not to the consolations offered by the creed of Buddha, but to the propitiation of the demons feared and reverenced by their early progenitors, and just as the Burmese and Talaings, though Buddhists, retain in full force the whole of the Nat superstition, so among the Malays, in spite of centuries which have passed since the establishment of an alien worship, the Muhammedan peasant may be found invoking the protection of Hindu gods against the spirits of evil with which his primitive faith has peopled all natural objects.”
277
H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda (Berlin, 1894), pp. 39 sq.
278
Monier Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India (London, 1883), pp. 210 sq.
279
Monier Williams, op. cit. pp. 230 sq. The views here expressed by the late Professor Monier Williams are confirmed from personal knowledge by Mr. E. T. Atkinson, The Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India, ii. (Allahabad, 1884) p. 840.
280
E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta, 1872), pp. 256, 257, 258.
281
Rev. S. Endle, The Kacharis (London, 1911), p. 33.
282
Bertram S. Carey and H. N. Tuck, The Chin Hills, i. (Rangoon, 1896) p. 196.
283
L. A. Waddell, “Demonolatry in Sikhim Lamaism,” The Indian Antiquary, xxiii. (1894) p. 197.
284
L. A. Waddell, The Buddhism of Tibet (London, 1895), p. 152.
285
Lt. – Colonel J. Shakespear, The Lushei Kuki Clans (London, 1912), pp. 61, 65 sq., 67.
286
Rev. S. Mateer, The Land of Charity (London, 1883), p. 207.
287
R. Percival, Account of the Island of Ceylon, Second Edition (London, 1805), pp. 211-213.
288
C. J. F. S. Forbes, British Burma (London, 1878), pp. 221 sq.
289
Shway Yoe, The Burman, his Life and Notions (London, 1882), i. 276 sq.
290
Shway Yoe, op. cit. i. 278. “To the Burman,” says A. Bastian, “the whole world is filled with nats. Mountains, rivers, waters, the earth, etc., have all their nat.” (Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 497).
291
Mgr. Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam (Paris, 1854), i. 42.
292
C. Bock, Temples and Elephants (London, 1884), p. 198.
293
Mgr. Bruguière, in Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi, v. (1831) p. 128.
294
J. Deniker, The Races of Man (London, 1900), pp. 400 sqq.
295
A. Bourlet, “Les Thay,” Anthropos, ii. (1907) p. 619.
296
A. Bourlet, op. cit. p. 632.
297
J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, v. (Leyden, 1907) p. 470.
298
J. J. M. de Groot, op. cit. vi. (Leyden, 1910) pp. 930-932. This sixth volume of Professor de Groot's great work is mainly devoted to an account of the ceaseless war waged by the Chinese people on demons or spectres (kwei). A more summary notice of this curious national delusion will be found in his work The Religion of the Chinese (New York, 1910), chapter ii., “The Struggle against Spectres,” pp. 33-61.
299
Mrs. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), ii. 227 sq., 229. I have taken the liberty of changing the writer's “daemon” and “daemoniacal” into “demon” and “demoniacal.”
300
C. von Dittmar, “Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten Tschuktschen,” Bulletin de la Classe Historico-philologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, xiii. (1856) coll. 123 sq.
301
W. Jochelson, The Koryak (Leyden and New York, 1908), p. 28 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History).
302
L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) pp. 460 sq.
303
M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), pp. 260 sqq.; id., Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, i. (Giessen, 1905) pp. 278 sqq.; C. Fossey, La Magie Assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 27-30, 34; E. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, Dritte Auflage, neu bearbeitet von H. Zimmern und H. Winckler (Berlin, 1902), pp. 458 sqq.
304
E. A. Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection (London, 1911), ii. 150.
305
E. W. Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (Paisley and London, 1895), chap. x. pp. 231 sq.
306
C. B. Klunzinger, Bilder aus Oberägypten, der Wüste und dem Rothen Meere (Stuttgart, 1877), p. 382; compare ibid. pp. 374 sq.
307
Aristotle, De anima, i. 5. 17; Diogenes Laertius, i. 1. 27.
308
Porphyry, quoted by Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii, iv. 23.
309
Elsewhere I have attempted to shew that a particular class of purifications – those observed by mourners – is intended to protect the living from the disembodied spirits of the dead (“On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 64 sqq.).
310
C. Meyer, Der Aberglaube des Mittelalters (Bâle, 1884), pp. 109-111, 191 sq.
