Kościuszko. Gardner Monica Mary

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СКАЧАТЬ and by its side a table on which lay Kościuszko's papers and books, conspicuous among the latter being the political writings of the great contemporary Polish reformers – Staszyc and Kołłontaj – which to the Pole of Kościuszko's temperament were bound to be fraught with burning interest. His coffee was served in a cup made by his own hand; the simple dishes and plates that composed his household stock were also his work, for the arts and crafts were always his favourite hobbies. An old cousin looked after the housekeeping. A coachman and manservant were the only other members of the family. There was a garden well stocked with fruit-trees that was the delight of Kościuszko's heart. On a hillock covered with hazels he laid out walks, put up arbours and arranged a maze that wound so craftily among the thicket that the visitor who entered it found no easy exit. The maze may still be seen, together with the avenue of trees that was planted by Kościuszko himself. His interest in his domain was unfailing. When far away from home, in the midst of his military preoccupations, while commanding in the Polish army, he wrote minute directions to his sister on the importation of fresh trees, the sowing of different grains on the farm.

      Although Kościuszko was an ardent farmer, his farm brought him no great returns; and this by reason of the sacrifices that he made to his principles. As a Polish landowner he had many peasants working on his property. By the legislation of that day, common to several countries besides Poland, these peasants were to a great extent under his power, and were compelled to the corvée. Such a condition of things was intolerable to Kościuszko. The sufferings of his fellow-men, equal rights for all, were matters that ever touched him most nearly. Many others of his countrymen were earnestly setting their faces against this abuse of serfdom and, even before the measure was passed by law, as far as possible liberating the serfs on their estates. That at this time Kościuszko entirely freed some of his peasants appears certain. It was not then practicable to give full freedom to the remainder; but he reduced the forced labour of all the men on his property by one-half, and that of the women he abolished altogether. His personal loss was considerable. He was not a rich man. His stipend from America, for one cause or another, never reached him, and thanks to his brother his private means were in so involved a condition that he had to summon his sister to his help and contract various loans and debts.

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      1

      T. Korzon, Kościuszko. Cracow, 1894; later edition, 1906 (Polish).

      2

      Jared Sparks, Writings of George Washington. Boston, 1847.

      3

      Jared Sparks, Writings of George Washington.

      4

      Ibid.

      5

      F. Rychlicki, Tadeusz Kościuszko and the Partition of Poland. Cracow, 18

1

T. Korzon, Kościuszko. Cracow, 1894; later edition, 1906 (Polish).

2

Jared Sparks, Writings of George Washington. Boston, 1847.

3

Jared Sparks, Writings of George Washington.

4

Ibid.

5

F. Rychlicki, Tadeusz Kościuszko and the Partition of Poland. Cracow, 1875 (Polish).

6

Jared Sparks, Writings of George Washington.

7

William Johnson, Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathaniel Greene. Charleston, 1822.

8

George Washington Greene, Life of Nathaniel Greene. New York, 1871.

9

T. Korzon, Kościuszko.

10

T. Korzon, Kościuszko.

11

op. cit.

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