a half centuries earlier. What really took place in the early part of the twelfth century was the more complete adoption of the organisation of the Western Church, and of the principles of the canon law; and especially the granting of lands and charters to the Church in the same way as in feudal lands. The marriage of Irish princes with Saxon and other foreign princesses, and the growth of towns which helped to relax its rigid tribal system, did more than the Danish Church.’ The chief towns were, however, of Danish origin.
16
The account which Giraldus gives of Turgesius is funny, but worthless.
17
Reeves’s Adamnan, p. 332 n.
18
Wars of the Gaedhill with the Gaill, chap. xxxvi.
19
Wars of the Gaedhill with the Gaill, chap. xl.
20
The quotations are from Burnt Njal, chap. cliii.
21
Burnt Njal, chap. cliv.
22
Ibid., chap. clvi. Wars of the Gaedhill with the Gaill, chaps. xcviii. and xcix. Annals of Lough Cé, pp. 7-13.
23
Burnt Njal, chap. clvi.
24
Many details about the Hiberno-Norse coins are to be found in Worsaae.
25
Book of Rights, pp. 225 sqq., and O’Donovan’s preface.
26
See Hook’s Lives of Lanfranc, Anselm, and Ralph d’Eures. Translations of the letters mentioned in the text may be found in King’s Primer of the Irish Church; most of the originals are printed in Ussher’s Sylloge.
27
The Irish always called Dublin Ath-cliath, or the Ford of Hurdles.
28
The great mine of knowledge about the Irish Scandinavians is Todd’s Wars of the Gaedhill with the Gaill, in the Record series. I have also used Dasent’s Story of Burnt Njal, and Anderson’s Orkneyinga Saga. Haliday’s Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin, edited by Mr. J. P. Prendergast, is a good modern book. Worsaae’s Danes and Norwegians is said to be somewhat fanciful, but it contains information not readily accessible elsewhere.
29
Matthew Paris calls the Irish ‘bestiales.’
30
See the Senchus Mór, ii. 225.
31
Giraldus, Ex. Hib. lib. i. cap. 2.
32
In Webb’s Compendium of Irish Biography is a carefully compiled catalogue of Nesta’s children and grandchildren. I have generally followed it, noting, however, that Fitz-Stephen’s children cannot be held legitimate in the face of Giraldus’ distinct statement.
33
The details of Henry’s preparations may be studied in Sweetman’s Calendar of Documents.
34
In narrating the events of Henry II.’s reign, I have generally followed Giraldus Cambrensis, checking him by references to Hoveden and Regan. The Expugnatio may be considered a fanciful book in some ways. But if we eliminate everything supernatural, and make some allowance for the writer’s prejudices, I see no reason to question his good faith. Of the native Irish he knew little, but the invaders were his neighbours, friends, and relations. Fitz-Stephen and the other descendants of Nesta may be unduly praised, Fitz-Adelm perhaps unduly blamed; but, after all, this is no more than may be said against most historians of their own times. Giraldus was undoubtedly an observer of first-rate power.
35
The quotations are from Gilbert’s Historic and Municipal Documents of Ireland, pp. xxviii. and xxx.
36
Hardiman’s History of Galway contains as much as most readers will care to know about that town. The following distich makes it possible to remember the tribes: —
The quarrels of Waterford with the O’Driscolls are given in the Calendar of Carew MSS., Miscellaneous vol. p. 470. Smith refers to a MS. in Trinity College.
38
Besides those in the Statute Book many Irish Acts of Edward IV.’s reign may be studied in Hardiman’s Statute of Kilkenny.
39
Stubbs’s Const. Hist., chap. xv.; Lynch’s Feudal Dignities, chaps. iii. and xi.
40
Sweetman’s Calendar of Documents, 1289; Lynch, supra.
41
The record is printed from the Black Book of Christ Church, in the Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society.
42
Lynch, ut supra.
43
Lynch, ut supra; Lodge’s Register; Hardiman’s Statute of Kilkenny.
44
The names of those summoned to the Parliament of 1311 are printed by Lynch, chap. ii.; the names of those who attended in 1560 are in Tracts Relating to Ireland, vol. ii., Appendix II.
45
Cotton’s Fasti; Alemand’s Histoire Monastique; Lynch, chaps. iii. and vii.
46
Irish Statutes, 28 Hen. VIII. cap. 12.
47
See the list of chief governors in Harris’s Ware; Borlase’s Reduction of Ireland; Lodge’s Patentee Officers; and Gilbert’s Viceroys.
48
History of St. Canice, by Graves and Prim, especially pp. 187 and 193; also Mr. Graves’s Presentments, p. 79; Archdall’s Lodge’s Peerage, art. ‘Mount Garrett.’
