Chemical Analysis. Francis Rouessac

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СКАЧАТЬ after lase...Figure 14.13 Flame photometry. Basic diagram of a flame photometer and list ...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Conventional representation of the ¹H NMR spectrum of an organic...Figure 15.2 Effect of a magnetic field upon a nucleus of spin number ½ for a...Figure 15.3 Representation of the energy differences for a nucleus with a sp...Figure 15.4 Precession and magnetization. (a) A snapshot illustrating the pr...Figure 15.5 NMR spectrum of a water sample placed in a borosilicate glass co...Figure 15.6 Representation of an electromagnetic wave and its effect on a nu...Figure 15.7 Deviation of the magnetization vector and return to equilibri...Figure 15.8 FID signal of fluoroacetone (¹³C) obtained with a pulsed wave ap...Figure 15.9 CW‐NMR apparatus. Arrangement of the different coils around the ...Figure 15.10 The two processes of nuclear relaxation. Evolution of spin–spin...Figure 15.11 Chemical shifts of certain compounds in proton NMR. Shielding e...Figure 15.12 Effects of resonance for carbonyl compounds in ¹³C NMR. If the ...Figure 15.13 Anisotropic effects and induced local fields. The presence of π...Figure 15.14 Heteronuclear spin‐spin coupling of hydrogen fluoride.Figure 15.15 Coupling diagram for the HF molecule in ¹H NMR. Hypothetical co...Figure 15.16 Representation of the different spin states for the five proton...Figure 15.17 Spectrum of the four aromatic protons of aspirin. The figure ab...Figure 15.18 Characteristics defining an AB system. (a–d) Gradual modificati...Figure 15.19 Nomenclature of NMR spectra. The ¹H spectrum of 3‐chloro‐4‐meth...Figure 15.20 Spin decoupling experiment on butanone. Modification of the ¹H ...Figure 15.21 DEPT sequence on 2‐carene. This example illustrates what these ...Figure 15.22 ¹³C spectra of CDCl₃ and CD₂Cl₂. Deuterium, for which I = 1, le...Figure 15.23 COSY spectrum of 3‐heptanone. On this representation, on a give...Figure 15.24 NOESY spectrum of ethylbenzene. The result of a NOESY experimen...Figure 15.25 ¹³C spectrum of ethylbenzene decoupled from protons and HSQC sp...Figure 15.26 NMR spectra of monofluoroacetone. An example of heteronuclear c...Figure 15.27 Positions of some NMR signals due to fluorine and phosphorus.Figure 15.28 Recording obtained from an experiment using coupled HPLC‐¹H NMR...Figure 15.29 NMR spectrum of a mixture of acetone (A) and benzene (B). If S_AFigure 15.30 Spectrum of a sample to which a reference compound R has been a...Figure 15.31 Determination of the solid fat index by means of decrease in FI...Figure 15.32 Inside view of a kiwi fruit. One of these images is a photo of ...Figure P15.1

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Fragmentation spectrum and mass spectrum presented in graphical ...Figure 16.2 Diagram of mass spectrometer components.Figure 16.3 Resolving power. Left, definition of this parameter in the case ...Figure 16.4 Resolving power established using experimental spectra. Left, an...Figure 16.5 Interfacing between a separation method and mass spectrometry.Figure 16.6 Installation of a pumping system of a mass spectrometer. The tur...Figure 16.7 Turbomolecular pump. Basic diagram. The pumping effect is obtain...Figure 16.8 Electron ionization. The collision of an electron with a molecul...Figure 16.9 Influence of electron energy on fragmentation. An example with b...Figure 16.10 Chemical ionization. Formation of cationic species from methane...Figure 16.11 FAB and MALDI techniques. (a) The principle of formation of a f...Figure 16.12 Atmospheric pressure ionization by electrospray (ion spray). Th...Figure 16.13 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. (1) The sample soluti...Figure 16.14 Multicharged molecular ions. A spectrum obtained from cytochrom...Figure 16.15 Representation of the appropriate ranges for the main ionizatio...Figure 16.16 A 180° magnetic deflection spectrograph with a velocity filter....Figure 16.17 An instrument designed with a BE‐type electromagnetic analyser....Figure 16.18 Influence of the accelerating voltage upon the range of velocit...Figure 16.19 Layout of a double‐focusing EB mass spectrometer. R’ and R meas...Figure 16.20 A simplified diagram of a time‐of‐flight spectrometer and the p...Figure 16.21 Diagram of a linear quadrupole. Notice the connection of bars t...Figure 16.22 Quadrupole filter. Depending upon their mass, the ions respond ...Figure 16.23 Example of residual gases in a strong vacuum. The recording is ...Figure 16.24 Ion‐trap spectrometers. (a) Design of the electrodes in an ion ...Figure 16.25 Introduction (a), confinement (b), and ejection (c) of ions in ...Figure 16.26 The principle of ICRMS. (a) Basic ion trajectory subject to mag...Figure 16.27 A triple quadrupole (MS/MS). In this assembly, called QQQ, the ...Figure 16.28 MS detectors. (a) Discrete dynode model with active film(b)...Figure 16.29 Spectral profile of an antibody of high molecular mass. This sp...Figure 16.30 Fragmentation spectrum of butanone obtained by electron ionizat...Figure 16.31 Fragmentation modes of an ether, with diethyl ether taken as an...Figure 16.32 McLafferty rearrangement. Situation for butanal C₄H₈OFigure 16.33 Metastable ion peak. Theoretical appearance of the three peaks ...Figure 16.34 Metastable ion peaks observed during fragmentation of theobromi...Figure 16.35 Peptide bond cleavage. In this example of a tetrapeptide treate...Figure 16.36 Plasma torch ionization and recording obtained by the ICP/MS me...Figure P16.1 Figure P16.2 Figure P16.3 Figure P16.4 Figure P16.5

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Radioimmunology testing – the different steps.Figure 17.2 HPLC/MS measurement of caffeine by isotopic dilution. The stable...Figure 17.3 Different parts of an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS).Figure 17.4 The different steps of an ELISA‐type immune‐enzymatic test with ...Figure 17.5 Relationship between concentration and absorbance of ELISA assay...Figure 17.6 The EMIT technique. Enzymes are often used as tracers because th...Figure 17.7 Diagram of neutron activation. When a neutron interacts with the...Figure 17.8 A nonconventional application of neutron activation. When it is ...Figure 17.9 Three molecules labelled at a single site with ¹⁴C. This radiois...Figure 17.10 Three molecules labelled at a single site with ¹⁴C. Fluorescenc...

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Presentation of an elemental analysis.Figure 18.2 Pregl and Simon methods of microanalysis. Generations of student...Figure 18.3 Microanalysis apparatus with chromatographic detection. The fill...Figure 18.4 Instrument for nitrogen analysis. This instrument is a modern ad...Figure 18.5 A total nitrogen analyser. Model COT/TNAmong others this typ...Figure 18.6 Mercury analysers using AAS or cold vapour AFS. (a) Atomic absor...Figure 18.7 Ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). Ions are repetitively admitted ...

      19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Measurement set‐up of an ion‐selective electrode (ISE). The sele...Figure 19.2 Glass electrode for measuring pH. The concentration of H⁺ ions i...Figure 19.3 Measurement set‐up of ion‐specific electrodes (ISE). Diagram of ...Figure 19.4 Liquid membrane electrode for the Ca²⁺ ion and organic compounds...Figure 19.5 Dissolved gas potentiometric sensor. Diagrams with two separate ...Figure 19.6 Example of an assay by direct potentiometry. The calibration cur...Figure P19.1

      20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Assembly of a voltammetric cell. (a) DC set‐up in which no curre...Figure 20.2 Evolution of the mercury drop diameter over time. Fresh‐drop DME...Figure 20.3 A polarographic wave. Polarogram of a solution containing 10 ppm...Figure 20.4 Sampling polarography. This technique increases the sensitivity ...Figure 20.5 Pulse polarography. NPP and DPP techniques. The diagram of the t...Figure 20.6 Square wave polarography (SWP). A periodic square wave signal wi...Figure 20.7 Determination of cations with a mercury film electrode by anodic...Figure 20.8 Coulometer to determine water content in accordance with the Kar...Figure 20.9 Karl Fischer coulometer electrodes. The purpose of the diaphragm...Figure 20.10 Voltammetric detection in HPLC and HPCE. (a) Two models of volt...Figure 20.11 A Clark sensor for oxygen determination. Cell with two concentr...Figure 20.12 Amperometric gas sensors (AGS).Figure 20.13 Two‐electrode cell for oxygen. The lead anode is progressively ...Figure 20.14 Two‐ and three‐electrode cells for carbon monoxide. Electrochem...Figure 20.15 Oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase. The reaction diagram s...Figure 20.16 Amperometric measurement of glucose. First generation based on ...

      21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Statistics displaying the proportion of time spent in each stage...Figure 21.2 Solid phase extraction. The separation of an analyte from the ma...Figure 21.3 Principle of immuno‐affinity extraction. The different steps of ...Figure 21.4 Micro‐extraction procedures. (a) Micro‐extraction using an adsor...Figure 21.5 Gas extraction. Principle of a gas/solid extraction column. A ch...Figure 21.6 Headspace analysis in static mode СКАЧАТЬ